Ruminal drinkers: endocrine and metabolic status and effects of suckling from a nipple instead of drinking from a bucket

In ruminal drinkers (RD) ingested milk is transported into the rumen and not into the abomasum. Because this is followed by changes in digestibility and absorption, we have tested whether this is associated with postprandial metabolic and endocrine changes. Unweaned, bucket-fed calves (one RD, two controls) were studied on seven farms. On d 1, after metabolic and endocrine 12-h profiles were studied, RD and one control calf were fed for 10 d by nipple, whereas the other control calf was fed by bucket. On d 11, metabolic and endocrine 12-h profiles were again studied. On d 1, mean plasma concentrations of glucose, triglycerides, urea, insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4) and leptin were significantly different between RD and controls, whereas mean concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), total protein, albumin, and glucagon did not differ significantly among groups. In RD concentrations of glucose, NEFA, insulin, growth hormone, IGF-1, and T4 were higher, and of urea were lower on d 11 than on d 1. Glucose and insulin concentrations increased postprandially in healthy calves on d 1, but barely in RD and remained lower than in controls, and there was no rise of NEFA and triglyceride concentrations on d 1 after the initial postprandial decrease in RD, in contrast to controls. But on d 11 postprandial responses of these four traits were similar in RD and controls and urea and T4 concentrations on d 11 became normalized. However, glucose and T3 concentrations in RD on d 11 were still lower than in one or both control groups. In conclusion, various metabolic and endocrine traits in RD differed from healthy controls. Drinking by floating nipple instead of drinking from bucket for 10 d normalized several metabolic and endocrine traits in RD.

Oxytocin release and lactation performance in Syrian Shami cattle milked with and without suckling

Oxytocin (OT) release and lactation performance in primiparous Syrian Shami cows were evaluated in response to two different machine milking regimes. Six cows were milked in the presence of the calves (PC) and subsequently suckled, whereas six cows were exclusively machine milked without the presence of their calves (WC) until day 91 post partum. Milk yield and milk constituents were determined weekly. The degree of udder evacuation was determined by the succeeding removal of residual milk. PC released OT during the milking process, whereas in WC no OT release was detected throughout the milking process. Consequently, the residual milk fraction was much lower in PC than in WC (11% v. 58%, P<0.05) and daily milk yield until day 91 post partum was higher in PC than in WC (12.6+/-0.3 v. 7.1+/-0.4 kg, P<0.05). In conclusion, Syrian Shami cattle are not suitable to be exclusively machine milked without the presence of their calves.

Effects of tryptophan supplementation on plasma tryptophan and related hormone levels in heifers and dairy cows

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of rumen-protected tryptophan (125g tryptophan per day) in heifers and dairy cows. Blood samples from dairy cows and heifers were collected for 24h in 3-h intervals on the day before tryptophan supplementation, on day 2, 5 and 7 of tryptophan supplementation, and in heifers additionally on d 14 after tryptophan supplementation was ceased. Plasma tryptophan, melatonin, serotonin, and prolactin concentrations were determined. Tryptophan plasma concentrations on d 5 were augmented at day (11:00h) and nighttime (02:00h), (P<0.05) in response to tryptophan supplementation in heifers by 119% and in dairy cows by 47%, respectively, as compared with d 0. Melatonin increased (P<0.05) in response to tryptophan supplementation in heifers, but not in cows. The effect of tryptophan supplementation on plasma tryptophan and melatonin was reversible as demonstrated in heifers on d 14 after cessation of tryptophan supplementation. Serotonin and prolactin in plasma did not respond to tryptophan supplementation. However, milk yield during morning milking increased significantly in tryptophan supplemented cows on d 1, 3 and 4 as compared to the day before tryptophan supplementation. Additional blood samples were taken during afternoon milking in cows at 1-min intervals for the analyses of oxytocin and prolactin on the day before the start and on d 7 of tryptophan supplementation. Milk flow curves were recorded during milking. No effect of tryptophan supplementation on the milking related release of oxytocin and prolactin and on any characteristic of milk flow was observed. In conclusion, tryptophan supplementation caused increased plasma tryptophan in cows and heifers and plasma melatonin in heifers. However, plasma serotonin, prolactin and oxytocin release in cows remained unchanged by tryptophan supplementation. Milk yield at morning milking increased slightly and transiently in response to tryptophan supplementation.

Analysis of gene order data supports vertical inheritance of the leukotoxin operon and genome rearrangements in the 5' flanking region in genus Mannheimia

BACKGROUND: The Mannheimia subclades belong to the same bacterial genus, but have taken divergent paths toward their distinct lifestyles. For example, M. haemolytica + M. glucosida are potential pathogens of the respiratory tract in the mammalian suborder Ruminantia, whereas M. ruminalis, the supposed sister group, lives as a commensal in the ovine rumen. We have tested the hypothesis that vertical inheritance of the leukotoxin (lktCABD) operon has occurred from the last common ancestor of genus Mannheimia to any ancestor of the diverging subclades by exploring gene order data. RESULTS: We examined the gene order in the 5' flanking region of the leukotoxin operon and found that the 5' flanking gene strings, hslVU-lapB-artJ-lktC and xylAB-lktC, are peculiar to M. haemolytica + M. glucosida and M. granulomatis, respectively, whereas the gene string hslVU-lapB-lktC is present in M. ruminalis, the supposed sister group of M. haemolytica + M. glucosida, and in the most ancient subclade M. varigena. In M. granulomatis, we found remnants of the gene string hslVU-lapB-lktC in the xylB-lktC intergenic region. CONCLUSION: These observations indicate that the gene string hslVU-lapB-lktC is more ancient than the hslVU-lapB-artJ-lktC and xylAB-lktC gene strings. The presence of (remnants of) the ancient gene string hslVU-lapB-lktC among any subclades within genus Mannheimia supports that it has been vertically inherited from the last common ancestor of genus Mannheimia to any ancestor of the diverging subclades, thus reaffirming the hypothesis of vertical inheritance of the leukotoxin operon. The presence of individual 5' flanking regions in M. haemolytica + M. glucosida and M. granulomatis reflects later genome rearrangements within each subclade. The evolution of the novel 5' flanking region in M. haemolytica + M. glucosida resulted in transcriptional coupling between the divergently arranged artJ and lkt promoters. We propose that the chimeric promoter have led to high level expression of the leukotoxin operon which could explain the increased potential of certain M. haemolytica + M. glucosida strains to cause a particular type of infection.

Echinococcosis presenting as an otogenic brain abscess: an unusual lesion of the middle ear cleft and temporal lobe

This paper presents a case of a 28-year-old male with a seizure episode and a 4-year history of intermittent tinnitus on the left ear. On computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging, a density with rim enhancement was found at the temporal lobe, associated with mastoid tegmen destruction and middle ear mass, indicating cholesteatoma with complicating brain abscess. Evacuation of the brain abscess was performed with a combined otolaryngologic and neurosurgical procedures (canal wall-down mastoidectomy and temporal craniotomy). The pathology turned out to be infestation with Echinococcus granulosus.

Imaging of total colonic Hirschsprung disease

BACKGROUND: Hirschsprung disease (HD) is a functional obstruction of the bowel caused by the absence of intrinsic enteric ganglion cells. The diagnosis of total colonic HD (TCHD) based on contrast enemas is difficult in newborns because radiological findings vary. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the radiographic and contrast enema findings in patients with pathologically proven TCHD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 1966 to 2007, 17 records from a total of 31 patients with TCHD were retrospectively evaluated for diameter and shape of the colon, diameter of the small bowel, bowel wall contour, ileal reflux, abdominal calcifications, pneumoperitoneum, filling defects, transitional zones and rectosigmoid index. RESULTS: Three colonic patterns of TCHD were found: microcolon, question-mark-shape colon and normal caliber colon. Additional findings included spasmodic colon, ileal reflux, delayed evacuation and abdominal calcifications. Colonic transitional zones were found in eight patients with TCHD. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis of TCHD is difficult to establish by contrast enema studies. The length of the aganglionic small bowel and the age of the patient can influence the radiological findings in TCHD. The transitional zone and the rectosigmoid index can be false-positive in TCHD. The colon can appear normal. Consider TCHD if the contrast enema study is normal but the patient remains symptomatic and other causes of distal bowel obstruction have been excluded.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hematoma: incidence, prognostic factors, and outcome

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the incidence and impact of an intracerebral hematoma (ICH) on treatment and outcome in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. METHODS: Data of 585 consecutive patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage from June 1999 to December 2005 were prospectively entered in a database. ICH was diagnosed and size was measured by computed tomographic scan before aneurysm occlusion. Fifty patients (8.5%) presented with an ICH larger than 50 cm3. The treatment decision (coil, clip, or hematoma evacuation) was based on an interdisciplinary approach. Patients were stratified into good (Hunt and Hess Grades I-III) versus poor (Hunt and Hess Grades IV and V) grade, and outcome was assessed according to the modified Rankin Scale at 6 months. RESULTS: Overall, 358 patients presented in good grade, with 4 of them having ICH (1.1%); and 227 patients presented in poor grade, with 46 of them having ICH (20.3%, P < 0.01). In good-grade patients with an ICH (n = 4), a favorable outcome (modified Rankin Scale score of 0-2) was achieved in 1 patient (25%), and in 246 patients (75%) without an ICH (P = 0.053; odds ratio, 0.11). A favorable outcome was achieved in 5 poor-grade patients (12.8%) with an ICH and in 40 patients (23.7%) without an ICH (P = 0.19; odds ratio, 0.47). Time to treatment was significantly shorter in patients with an ICH than without an ICH (median, 7 versus 26 h; P < 0.001) and shortest in patients with favorable outcome (3.5 hours; P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: The current data confirm that the presence of an ICH is a predictor of unfavorable outcome. However, despite large ICHs, a significant number of patients have a good outcome. To achieve a favorable outcome, ultra-early treatment with hematoma evacuation and aneurysm obliteration seems to be mandatory.

Evolution of the leukotoxin promoter in genus Mannheimia

BACKGROUND: The Mannheimia species encompass a wide variety of bacterial lifestyles, including opportunistic pathogens and commensals of the ruminant respiratory tract, commensals of the ovine rumen, and pathogens of the ruminant integument. Here we present a scenario for the evolution of the leukotoxin promoter among representatives of the five species within genus Mannheimia. We also consider how the evolution of the leukotoxin operon fits with the evolution and maintenance of virulence. RESULTS: The alignment of the intergenic regions upstream of the leukotoxin genes showed significant sequence and positional conservation over a 225-bp stretch immediately proximal to the transcriptional start site of the lktC gene among all Mannheimia strains. However, in the course of the Mannheimia genome evolution, the acquisition of individual noncoding regions upstream of the conserved promoter region has occurred. The rate of evolution estimated branch by branch suggests that the conserved promoter may be affected to different extents by the types of natural selection that potentially operate in regulatory regions. Tandem repeats upstream of the core promoter were confined to M. haemolytica with a strong association between the sequence of the repeat units, the number of repeat units per promoter, and the phylogenetic history of this species. CONCLUSION: The mode of evolution of the intergenic regions upstream of the leukotoxin genes appears to be highly dependent on the lifestyle of the bacterium. Transition from avirulence to virulence has occurred at least once in M. haemolytica with some evolutionary success of bovine serotype A1/A6 strains. Our analysis suggests that changes in cis-regulatory systems have contributed to the derived virulence phenotype by allowing phase-variable expression of the leukotoxin protein. We propose models for how phase shifting and the associated virulence could facilitate transmission to the nasopharynx of new hosts.

Effects of different types of solid feeds on health status and performance of Swiss veal calves. II. Basic feeding with whole milk

The objective of this study was to identify a suitable alternative to the current practice of complementing the feeding of whole milk with straw. The influence of 3 different solid supplements on the health and performance of Swiss veal calves was investigated during 3 production cycles of 90 veal calves each with a mean initial age of 42 days and a mean initial weight of 68.7 kg. The calves were housed in groups of 30 in stalls strewn with wheat straw without outside pen. Liquid feeding consisted of whole milk combined with an additional skim milk powder ad libitum. Groups were assigned to one of the three following experimental solid feeds provided ad libitum: Pellet mix (composition: oat hulls, corn [whole plant], barley, sunflower seeds, squeezed grains of corn, molasses and a pellet binder), whole plant corn pellets, and wheat straw as control. Calves of the straw group showed significantly more abomasal lesions in the fundic part as compared to the pellet mix and corn pellets groups (P < 0.001), the prevalence of insufficient papillae was highest (P < 0.05), and ruminating behavior was unsatisfactory. In contrast to the pellet mix and straw groups, performance of calves in the corn pellets group was good. Additionally, prevalence of abomasal fundic lesions was lowest (P < 0.001), and rumen development was best in calves of the corn pellets group (P < 0.01). As in part I, the results reveal that whole-plant corn pellets are most consistent with an optimal result combining the calves' health and fattening performance. Therefore, it can be recommended as a solid supplement for veal calves basically fed whole milk under Swiss conditions.

Table-mounted ring retractor for consistent visualization in endoscopy-assisted anterior reconstruction of burst fractures of the thoracolumbar junction

The authors tested an autoclavable external ring retractor, fixed to the operation table, for the endoscopic reconstruction of anterior column injuries of the thoracolumbar junction. It served as a retractor for the diaphragm, and offered a stable support for the scope and other instruments, making an assistant superfluous. Moreover, it allowed bimanual manipulation. Of course, the two-dimensional image, provided by the scope, necessitated proper eye-hand coordination. Twenty-eight consecutive patients underwent either a monosegmental (n = 10) or a bisegmental (n = 18) anterior stabilization in the area Th11L1. Three portals were necessary, but an assistant was not needed. The overall (mean +/- SD) operating time was 196 +/- 56 min, the blood loss was 804 +/- 719 mL. Intraoperatively, one epidural bleeding and a single screw cut-out occurred. All complications were managed endoscopically. Postoperatively, evacuation of a haemothorax (n = 1) was necessary. In all patients, wounds and fractures healed uneventfully. The combination of the endoscopic technique and the retractor system was feasible, successful, safe, and time efficient. Moreover, it allowed for anterior instrumentation of thoracolumbar fractures by a single surgeon. It became the standard approach in the authors' department.

Ecological validity of virtual reality daily living activities screening for early dementia: longitudinal study

Background: Dementia is a multifaceted disorder that impairs cognitive functions, such as memory, language, and executive functions necessary to plan, organize, and prioritize tasks required for goal-directed behaviors. In most cases, individuals with dementia experience difficulties interacting with physical and social environments. The purpose of this study was to establish ecological validity and initial construct validity of a fire evacuation Virtual Reality Day-Out Task (VR-DOT) environment based on performance profiles as a screening tool for early dementia. Objective: The objectives were (1) to examine the relationships among the performances of 3 groups of participants in the VR-DOT and traditional neuropsychological tests employed to assess executive functions, and (2) to compare the performance of participants with mild Alzheimer’s-type dementia (AD) to those with amnestic single-domain mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy controls in the VR-DOT and traditional neuropsychological tests used to assess executive functions. We hypothesized that the 2 cognitively impaired groups would have distinct performance profiles and show significantly impaired independent functioning in ADL compared to the healthy controls. Methods: The study population included 3 groups: 72 healthy control elderly participants, 65 amnestic MCI participants, and 68 mild AD participants. A natural user interface framework based on a fire evacuation VR-DOT environment was used for assessing physical and cognitive abilities of seniors over 3 years. VR-DOT focuses on the subtle errors and patterns in performing everyday activities and has the advantage of not depending on a subjective rating of an individual person. We further assessed functional capacity by both neuropsychological tests (including measures of attention, memory, working memory, executive functions, language, and depression). We also evaluated performance in finger tapping, grip strength, stride length, gait speed, and chair stands separately and while performing VR-DOTs in order to correlate performance in these measures with VR-DOTs because performance while navigating a virtual environment is a valid and reliable indicator of cognitive decline in elderly persons. Results: The mild AD group was more impaired than the amnestic MCI group, and both were more impaired than healthy controls. The novel VR-DOT functional index correlated strongly with standard cognitive and functional measurements, such as mini-mental state examination (MMSE; rho=0.26, P=.01) and Bristol Activities of Daily Living (ADL) scale scores (rho=0.32, P=.001). Conclusions: Functional impairment is a defining characteristic of predementia and is partly dependent on the degree of cognitive impairment. The novel virtual reality measures of functional ability seem more sensitive to functional impairment than qualitative measures in predementia, thus accurately differentiating from healthy controls. We conclude that VR-DOT is an effective tool for discriminating predementia and mild AD from controls by detecting differences in terms of errors, omissions, and perseverations while measuring ADL functional ability.

Supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid in dairy cows reduces endogenous glucose production during early lactation.

Trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) supplementation causes milk fat depression in dairy cows, but CLA effects on glucose metabolism are not clear. The objective of the study was to investigate glucose metabolism, especially endogenous glucose production (eGP) and glucose oxidation (GOx), as well as hepatic genes involved in endogenous glucose production in Holstein cows supplemented either with 50 g of rumen-protected CLA (9% trans-10,cis-12 and 10% cis-9,trans-11; CLA; n=10) or 50 g of control fat (24% C18:2; Ctrl; n=10) from wk 2 before parturition to wk 9 of lactation. Animal performance data were recorded and blood metabolites and hormones were taken weekly from 2 wk before to 12 wk after parturition. During wk 3 and 9 after parturition, glucose tolerance tests were performed and eGP and GOx were measured by [U-(13)C] glucose infusion. Liver biopsies were taken at the same time to measure total fat and glycogen concentrations and gene expression of pyruvate carboxylase, cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, glucose-6-phosphatase, and carnitine palmitoyl-transferase 1. Conjugated linoleic acid feeding reduced milk fat, but increased milk lactose output; milk yield was higher starting 5 wk after parturition in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. Energy balance was more negative during CLA supplementation, and plasma concentrations of glucose were higher immediately after calving in CLA-fed cows. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation did not affect insulin release during glucose tolerance tests, but reduced eGP in wk 3, and eGP and GOx increased with time after parturition. Hepatic gene expression of cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase tended to be lower in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. In spite of lower eGP in CLA-fed cows, lactose output and plasma glucose concentrations were greater in CLA-fed cows than in Ctrl-fed cows. This suggests a CLA-related glucose sparing effect most likely due to lower glucose utilization for milk fat synthesis and probably because of a more efficient whole-body energy utilization in CLA-fed cows.

Globale Akteure an den Randzonen von Souveränität und Legitimität

Der moderne Nationalstaat mit seinen Grenzlinien, welche die räumliche Reichweite des souveränen Gewaltmonopols fixierten und gleichsam einen Kulturraum mit homogenen sozialen und rechtlichen Normen abschlossen, war lange eine zentrale Orientierungsgröße für die Geschichtsschreibung. Die wirtschaftlichen, politischen und kulturellen Globalisierungsprozesse der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte haben jedoch das nationale Narrativ mit seinen eindeutigen Demarkationslinien in Frage gestellt. Stattdessen sind Randzonen und Zwischenräume in den Mittelpunkt des Interesses gerückt. Dieser Paradigmenwechsel in Methodik und Perspektive hat auch realhistorisch seine volle Berechtigung, denn solche Zwischenräume sind keine neuartigen Phänomene der Postmoderne mit ihren globalen Transfers und multikulturellen Gesellschaften. Sie hatten sich beispielsweise stets auch während des Epochen übergreifenden Prozesses der europäischen Expansion aufgetan, insbesondere an den fluiden imperialen Randzonen. Nach eurozentrischen Maßstäben handelte es sich dabei um rechtlich nicht regulierte und territorial undefinierte Räume. Aber selbst in der Hochphase des Imperialismus sowie auch in den postkolonialen Gesellschaften konnte das nationalstaatliche Modell nur partiell etabliert werden und konkurrierte stets mit „tribalen“ oder quasi-feudalen Formen sozio-politischer Organisation. Außerdem wurde selbst in den westlichen Nationalstaaten das staatliche Gewaltmonopol sowie die soziale, rechtliche und politische Ordnung bei innerstaatlichen Konflikten wie Revolutionen und Bürgerkriegen sowie internationalen Kriegen immer wieder in Frage gestellt oder sogar ausgehebelt. In solch gewaltbasierten Umfeldern des Ausnahmezustandes und der Insurrektion sowie in solch deregulierten Räumen, weitgehend frei von Hierarchien, bürokratischer Kontrolle und rechtlichen Einschränkungen, agierten stets auch besondere Akteurstypen. Sie hatten einerseits das Privileg einer geringen Kontrolle unterworfen zu sein oder völlig losgelöst davon zu handeln, waren aber andererseits überwiegend auf sich gestellt und konnten nur sehr beschränkt den Schutz des fernen Souveräns im Hintergrund beanspruchen oder hatten sich diesen durch ihre Verhaltensweise sogar zum Gegner gemacht. Diese Akteure an den Randzonen von Souveränität und Legitimität können grob in verschiedene Typen eingeteilt werden: Zu nennen sind die Avantgardisten der Expansion wie Entdecker und Eroberer, die klassischen „Men on the Spot“ an der Peripherie von Imperien wie Militärs und Administratoren, private Gewaltunternehmer und Söldner, Insurgenten und Revolutionäre, sowie Spione und Nachrichtenhändler. Anhand verschiedener Fallstudien soll diese Figur des Akteurs an den Randzonen in globaler Perspektive beleuchtet werden. Es stellt sich die Frage nach seiner Motivation für Sondermissionen, seiner ideellen Beweggründe und politischen Überzeugung sowie seiner Beziehung zum Auftraggeber oder Souverän im fernen Hintergrund. Insbesondere ist untersuchen, ob deren Interessen trotz beschränkter Kontrolle und Rückendeckung loyal verfolgt wurden oder ob für unsere Protagonisten vor allem materielle Interessen ausschlaggebend waren, womöglich sogar einfach das Streben nach einem Betätigungsfeld mit möglichst großer Handlungsfreiheit? Während entgrenzte Verhaltensweisen in der Regel auf rechtlich nur schwach regulierte Umfeldern zurückgeführt werden, ist auch zu untersuchen, ob sich gewisse Persönlichkeiten nicht gezielt Räume am Rande oder jenseits nationalstaatlicher Rechtsnormen als Agitationsfeld suchten oder ob sie sich sogar zur Verwirklichung ihrer persönlichen Bedürfnisse solche Räume durch Subversion staatlicher Ordnung gezielt schafften. Indem die Protagonisten mit den kulturellen, politischen und rechtlichen Ordnungen ihres Betätigungsfeldes in Beziehung gesetzt werden, kann auch eine Brücke von einer rein personenbezogenen Biographik zur Strukturgeschichte geschlagen werden. Die Grenzgänger wie auch die Zwischenräume, in denen sie agierten, sind wohl auch weniger als Randerscheinungen des Ausnahmezustandes zu verstehen, sondern vielmehr als die unmittelbar mit der sich intensivierenden Verrechtlichung und Homogenisierung der westeuropäischen Nationalstaaten einhergehende andere Seite dieses Prozesses: Einerseits brauchten Regierungen zuweilen für besondere Aufgaben Akteure, die nicht an die eigenen Rechtsnormen gebunden waren, andererseits gab es stets Persönlichkeiten, die sich in der engen Rechtswirklichkeit und sozialen Ordnung des Nationalstaates nicht zurechtfanden. Darüber hinaus sind diese Grenzgänger auch als Brückenköpfe politischer wie ökonomischer Machterweiterung sowie als Schlüsselfiguren von Interaktions-, Kooperations-, Vernetzungs- und Transformationsprozessen zu verstehen – nur in Extremfällen waren sie radikale Grenzüberschreiter sowie Träger der bloßen Zerstörung und Zersetzung. Da sie in einem kulturell fremden oder zerrütteten, krisengebeutelten Umfeld agierten, gilt ein besonderes Augenmerk ihrer Rolle als Makler von Interessen, Vermittler sowie Informationsbeschaffer. Schließlich soll auch die Außenwahrnehmung dieser Randfiguren in Betracht gezogen werden. Ihre Position am Rande der Gesellschaft und der Legalität löste in der Regel eine große Faszination beim „Normalbürger“ aus, die sich entweder in Bewunderung oder Abscheu wenden konnte. Teilweise veranlassten sie einen regelrechten Medienrummel, der den Staat wiederum in Zugzwang bringen konnte, oft mit beachtlichen Folgen.