16 resultados para Economy of means
Filtro por publicador
- Repository Napier (1)
- Aberystwyth University Repository - Reino Unido (1)
- Academic Archive On-line (Stockholm University; Sweden) (1)
- Academic Research Repository at Institute of Developing Economies (7)
- Acceda, el repositorio institucional de la Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria. España (1)
- Adam Mickiewicz University Repository (1)
- AMS Tesi di Dottorato - Alm@DL - Università di Bologna (3)
- Andina Digital - Repositorio UASB-Digital - Universidade Andina Simón Bolívar (5)
- Applied Math and Science Education Repository - Washington - USA (1)
- Aquatic Commons (26)
- ArchiMeD - Elektronische Publikationen der Universität Mainz - Alemanha (3)
- Archive of European Integration (16)
- Archivo Digital para la Docencia y la Investigación - Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad del País Vasco (5)
- Aston University Research Archive (9)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (3)
- Biblioteca Digital da Produção Intelectual da Universidade de São Paulo (BDPI/USP) (2)
- Biblioteca Digital de la Universidad Católica Argentina (3)
- Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações Eletrônicas da UERJ (10)
- BORIS: Bern Open Repository and Information System - Berna - Suiça (16)
- Brock University, Canada (6)
- Bulgarian Digital Mathematics Library at IMI-BAS (2)
- CaltechTHESIS (1)
- Cambridge University Engineering Department Publications Database (1)
- CentAUR: Central Archive University of Reading - UK (26)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Institutional Repositories Grid Portal (3)
- Cochin University of Science & Technology (CUSAT), India (11)
- Coffee Science - Universidade Federal de Lavras (1)
- Comissão Econômica para a América Latina e o Caribe (CEPAL) (39)
- CORA - Cork Open Research Archive - University College Cork - Ireland (2)
- Corvinus Research Archive - The institutional repository for the Corvinus University of Budapest (10)
- Dalarna University College Electronic Archive (2)
- Deakin Research Online - Australia (65)
- DI-fusion - The institutional repository of Université Libre de Bruxelles (1)
- Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (2)
- Digital Commons @ Center for the Blue Economy - Middlebury Institute of International Studies at Monterey (2)
- Digital Commons at Florida International University (24)
- Digital Peer Publishing (1)
- DigitalCommons - The University of Maine Research (1)
- DigitalCommons@The Texas Medical Center (2)
- Doria (National Library of Finland DSpace Services) - National Library of Finland, Finland (1)
- DRUM (Digital Repository at the University of Maryland) (2)
- Duke University (4)
- eResearch Archive - Queensland Department of Agriculture; Fisheries and Forestry (3)
- FUNDAJ - Fundação Joaquim Nabuco (1)
- Gallica, Bibliotheque Numerique - Bibliothèque nationale de France (French National Library) (BnF), France (1)
- Greenwich Academic Literature Archive - UK (1)
- Helda - Digital Repository of University of Helsinki (13)
- Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship Repository (1)
- Indian Institute of Science - Bangalore - Índia (2)
- Instituto Politécnico do Porto, Portugal (2)
- Instituto Superior de Psicologia Aplicada - Lisboa (2)
- Memorial University Research Repository (1)
- National Center for Biotechnology Information - NCBI (1)
- Nottingham eTheses (1)
- Plymouth Marine Science Electronic Archive (PlyMSEA) (1)
- Portal de Revistas Científicas Complutenses - Espanha (16)
- Publishing Network for Geoscientific & Environmental Data (1)
- QSpace: Queen's University - Canada (6)
- QUB Research Portal - Research Directory and Institutional Repository for Queen's University Belfast (49)
- Queensland University of Technology - ePrints Archive (64)
- RCAAP - Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (1)
- RDBU - Repositório Digital da Biblioteca da Unisinos (10)
- ReCiL - Repositório Científico Lusófona - Grupo Lusófona, Portugal (6)
- Repositório Científico da Universidade de Évora - Portugal (4)
- Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa - Portugal (6)
- Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico de Santarém - Portugal (1)
- Repositório digital da Fundação Getúlio Vargas - FGV (29)
- Repositorio Institucional da UFLA (RIUFLA) (1)
- Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Aveiro - Portugal (4)
- Repositório Institucional da Universidade de Brasília (1)
- Repositorio Institucional de la Universidad de Málaga (1)
- Repositório Institucional UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho" (134)
- Research Open Access Repository of the University of East London. (2)
- Royal College of Art Research Repository - Uninet Kingdom (2)
- RUN (Repositório da Universidade Nova de Lisboa) - FCT (Faculdade de Cienecias e Technologia), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), Portugal (4)
- SAPIENTIA - Universidade do Algarve - Portugal (1)
- Universidad del Rosario, Colombia (48)
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (11)
- Universidade Complutense de Madrid (1)
- Universidade dos Açores - Portugal (1)
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (1)
- Universidade Federal do Pará (28)
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN) (25)
- Universitat de Girona, Spain (1)
- Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, Universität Kassel, Germany (2)
- Université de Lausanne, Switzerland (1)
- Université de Montréal, Canada (45)
- University of Connecticut - USA (2)
- University of Michigan (47)
- University of Queensland eSpace - Australia (9)
- University of Southampton, United Kingdom (1)
- University of Washington (3)
- WestminsterResearch - UK (4)
Resumo:
BACKGROUND Meta-analyses of continuous outcomes typically provide enough information for decision-makers to evaluate the extent to which chance can explain apparent differences between interventions. The interpretation of the magnitude of these differences - from trivial to large - can, however, be challenging. We investigated clinicians' understanding and perceptions of usefulness of 6 statistical formats for presenting continuous outcomes from meta-analyses (standardized mean difference, minimal important difference units, mean difference in natural units, ratio of means, relative risk and risk difference). METHODS We invited 610 staff and trainees in internal medicine and family medicine programs in 8 countries to participate. Paper-based, self-administered questionnaires presented summary estimates of hypothetical interventions versus placebo for chronic pain. The estimates showed either a small or a large effect for each of the 6 statistical formats for presenting continuous outcomes. Questions addressed participants' understanding of the magnitude of treatment effects and their perception of the usefulness of the presentation format. We randomly assigned participants 1 of 4 versions of the questionnaire, each with a different effect size (large or small) and presentation order for the 6 formats (1 to 6, or 6 to 1). RESULTS Overall, 531 (87.0%) of the clinicians responded. Respondents best understood risk difference, followed by relative risk and ratio of means. Similarly, they perceived the dichotomous presentation of continuous outcomes (relative risk and risk difference) to be most useful. Presenting results as a standardized mean difference, the longest standing and most widely used approach, was poorly understood and perceived as least useful. INTERPRETATION None of the presentation formats were well understood or perceived as extremely useful. Clinicians best understood the dichotomous presentations of continuous outcomes and perceived them to be the most useful. Further initiatives to help clinicians better grasp the magnitude of the treatment effect are needed.