Die Geburt der Ethnologie aus dem Geist der Tragödie

Die Zukunft der Ethnologie liegt in einer Perspektive der Tragödie. Mit dem Begriff der Tragödie soll eine gesellschaftstheoretische Perspektive entwickelt werden, die Mikroanalysen der Verflechtung, der Entkoppelungsprozesse, der Konstitution von Figurationen, und das kontingente Zusammenfallen unterschiedlicher Handlungslogiken in Situationen erfasst. Die Tragödie behandelt die tragische Kollision von unvereinbaren Positionen; sie handelt von den Dilemmata, und vom Ineinanderwirken verflochtener aber eventuell widersprüchlicher Handlungen, die ihren eigenen Logiken, Zielsetzungen und Wertigkeiten folgen und in der Summe etwas anderes produzieren, als sie intendieren. Die Ethnologie ist prädestiniert für die Untersuchung solcher Verkettungen, weil diese nur in Mikroanalysen, in denen alle Phasen/Stationen/Interaktionen solcher Prozesse in den Blick kommen, sichtbar sind, Mikroanalysen freilich, die sich als Mikroanalysen der Konstitution eines Makrozusammenhangs verstehen. Damit wird ein Kritikbegriff möglich, der nicht Absichten, nicht „Gesinnungen“, sondern Konsequenzen in den Blick nimmt (ohne die Relevanz von Gesinnungen zu negieren), und der Zusammenhänge in Hinblick auf die Verkettung von Entscheidungsprozessen und deren polyvalenten Orientierungen befragt – und somit auch die möglichen Alternativen, die zu bestimmten Punkten im Prozess tatsächlich möglich waren.

Legal Integration of Islam: A Transatlantic Comparison

The status of Islam in Western societies remains deeply contentious. Countering strident claims on both the right and left, Legal Integration of Islam offers an empirically informed analysis of how four liberal democracies—France, Germany, Canada, and the United States—have responded to the challenge of integrating Islam and Muslim populations. Demonstrating the centrality of the legal system to this process, Christian Joppke and John Torpey reject the widely held notion that Europe is incapable of accommodating Islam and argue that institutional barriers to Muslim integration are no greater on one side of the Atlantic than the other. While Muslims have achieved a substantial degree of equality working through the courts, political dynamics increasingly push back against these gains, particularly in Europe. From a classical liberal viewpoint, religion can either be driven out of public space, as in France, or included without sectarian preference, as in Germany. But both policies come at a price—religious liberty in France and full equality in Germany. Often seen as the flagship of multiculturalism, Canada has found itself responding to nativist and liberal pressures as Muslims become more assertive. And although there have been outbursts of anti-Islamic sentiment in the United States, the legal and political recognition of Islam is well established and largely uncontested. Legal Integration of Islam brings to light the successes and the shortcomings of integrating Islam through law without denying the challenges that this religion presents for liberal societies.

Double Standards? Veils and Crucifixes in the European Legal Order

Comparing the treatment of Islamic veils and Christian crucifixes by the European Court of Human Rights, this paper re-examines the charge of “double standards” on the part of this guardian of the European legal order, which is seen as disadvantaging Islam and favoring Christianity. While this is proved partially correct, the paper calls for a more differentiated treatment of the issue. For one, there is a modicum of consistency in the European Court’s decisions, because they are all meant to further “pluralism”. Only, Islam and Christianity fare differently in this respect, as “threat” to and “affirmation” of pluralism, respectively. This distinction hinges on Islam’s compatibility with the liberal-secular order, on which the jury is out. A possible way out of the “pluralism v. pluralism” dilemma, I argue, is signaled in the European Court’s recent decision in Lautsi v. Italy (2011), which pairs a preference for “culturalized” Christianity with robust minority pluralism.

Islam and the Legal Enforcement of Morality

Over sixty years ago, British high court judge Patrick Devlin and legal philosopher H.L.A. Hart fought out a famous debate over the legal enforcement of morality, which was generated by the question whether homosexuality should be legalized or not. Jurists agree that this debate was won by Hart, also evidenced in the fact that the state has since been retreating from its previous role of moral watchdog. I argue in this paper that the two most conflicted and essentially unresolved issues in the integration of Islam, the regulation of the female body and of free speech, have reopened this debate anew, pushing the liberal state toward the legal regulation of morality, thus potentially putting at risk its liberalness. I use the Hart-Devlin debate as a template for comparing and contrasting the Muslim quest for restricting free speech with the host-society quest for restricting the Islamic veil. Accordingly, there is a double threat to liberalism, which this paper brings into view in tandem, one originating from Islam and another from a hypertrophied defense of liberalism.

The effects of legal involvement on crime victims' psychological adjustment

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the effects of legal involvement of crime victims on their psychological adjustment. First, causes of possible effects are described, which may be located within the procedure or the outcome of the legal process. Then, the available evidence is reviewed, most of it suggesting that legal involvement does not strongly affect the victims' psychological adjustment, neither negatively nor positively. The chapter continues with a discussion of whether victims should be advised to report the assault to the police or not, and it describes relevant decision criteria, such as victim adjustment retributive justice, victim compensation, victim security and societal security. Finally, suggestions for future research are outlined, pointing to necessary methodological improvements in the design of future studies on legal involvement.