Synthese und Charakterisierung von zylindrischen Bürsten mit Polypeptidseitenketten

In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass durch die grafting-from-Methode verschiedene geschützte Polypeptidbürsten basierend auf L-glutaminsäure, L-asparaginsäure, L-lysin und L-ornithin synthetisch zugänglich sind. Zur Verwirklichung dieser Synthesestrategie wurde mehrstufig ein Makroinitiator auf Basis von N-methacrylamid-1,6-diaminohexan hergestellt, der die ringöffnende Polymerisation von Leuchs´schen Anhydriden zur Entwicklung von geschützten Polypeptidseitenketten initiieren kann. Durch stark saure bzw. alkalische Abspaltbedingungen war es möglich, die Schutzgruppen bei allen geschützten Bürsten bis auf eine Spezies erfolgreich zu entfernen. Weitergehende Untersuchungen an den positiv bzw. negativ geladenen Polyelektrolytbürsten mittels statischer Lichtstreuung und Kapillarelektrophorese zeigten, dass lediglich die Z-geschützten Poly-L-lysinbürsten ohne Kettenabbau entschützt werden konnten. In allen anderen Fällen wurden nach Abspaltung der Schutzgruppen lineare Kettenfragmente detektiert. Durch die Zugabe von NaClO4 oder Methanol zu den wässrigen Lösungen der Poly-L-lysinbürsten konnte mittels CD-Spektroskopie gezeigt werden, dass die Seitenketten von einer ungeordneten Konformation in eine helikale Konformation übergehen. In weiterführenden Experimenten wurde mittels statischer Lichtstreuung, dynamischer Lichtstreuung, SAXS, und AFM-Aufnahmen in Lösung bewiesen, dass die helikale Konformation der Seitenketten eine deutliche Abnahme des Zylinderquerschnitts und des Querschnittträgheitsradius zur Folge hat, die Topologie der Bürste allerdings unverändert bleibt. Weiterhin konnte mittels Kapillarelektrophorese die elektrophoretische Mobilität der Poly-L-lysinbürsten und ihrer linearen Analoga bestimmt werden. Mit diesen Resultaten war es in Kombination mit statischen Lichtstreuexperimenten möglich, die effektive Ladung von linearem und verzweigten Poly-L-lysin nach einer Theorie von Muthukumar zu berechnen. Das Ergebnis dieser Rechnungen bestätigt die Ergebnisse früherer Untersuchungen von Peter Dziezok, der in seiner Dissertation durch Leitfähigkeits und Lichtstreumessungen an linearem PVP und PVP-Bürsten herausfand, dass die effektive Ladung von Polymerbürsten mindestens um einen Faktor 10 kleiner ist als bei den korrespondierenden linearen Analoga.

Sequence-controlled synthesis of soluble oligo(p-benzamide)s

This work focused on the synthesis of novel monomers for the design of a series of oligo(p-benzamide)s following two approaches: iterative solution synthesis and automated solid phase protocols. These approaches present a useful method to the sequence-controlled synthesis of side-chain and main-chain functionalized oligomers for the preparation of an immense variety of nanoscaffolds. The challenge in the synthesis of such materials was their modification, while maintaining the characteristic properties (physical-chemical properties, shape persistence and anisotropy). The strategy for the preparation of predictable superstructures was devote to the selective control of noncovalent interactions, monodispersity and monomer sequence. In addition to this, the structure-properties correlation of the prepared rod-like soluble materials was pointed. The first approach involved the solution-based aramide synthesis via introduction of 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl N-amide protective group via an iterative synthetic strategy The second approach focused on the implementation of the salicylic acid scaffold to introduce substituents on the aromatic backbone for the stabilization of the OPBA-rotamers. The prepared oligomers were analyzed regarding their solubility and aggregation properties by systematically changing the degree of rotational freedom of the amide bonds, side chain polarity, monomer sequence and degree of oligomerization. The syntheses were performed on a modified commercial peptide synthesizer using a combination of fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and aramide chemistry. The automated synthesis allowed the preparation of aramides with potential applications as nanoscaffolds in supramolecular chemistry, e.g. comb-like-

Folic acid derivatives for PET imaging and therapy addressing folate receptor positive tumors

Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is the oxidized form of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate, which serves as methyl- or methylene donor (C1-building blocks) during DNA synthesis. Under physiological conditions the required amount of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate for survival of the cell is accomplished through the reduced folate carrier (RFC). In contrast, the supply of 5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate is insufficient under pathophysiological conditions of tumors due to an increased proliferation rate. Consequently, many tumor cells exhibit an (over)expression of the folate receptor. This phenomenon has been applied to diagnostics (PET, SPECT, MR) to image FR-positive tumors and on the other hand to treat malignancies related to a FR (over)expression. Based on this concept, a new 18F-labeled folate for PET imaging has been developed and was evaluated in vivo using tumor-bearing mice. The incorporation of oligoethylene spacers into the molecular structure led to a significant enhancement of the pharmacokinetics in comparison to previously developed 18F-folates. The liver uptake could be reduced by one sixth by remaining a tumor uptake of 3%ID/g leading to better contrast ratios. Encouraged by these results, a clickable 18F-labeled serine-based prosthetic group has been synthesized, again with the idea to improve the metabolic and pharmacokinetic profile of hydrophilic radiotracers. Therefore, an alkyne-carrying azido-functionalized serine derivative for coupling to biomolecules was synthesized and a chlorine leaving group for 18F-labeling, which could be accomplished using a microwave-assisted synthesis, a [K⊂2.2.2]+/carbonate system in DMSO. Radiochemical yields of 77±6% could be achieved.rnThe promising results obtained from the FR-targeting concept in the diagnostic field have been transferred to the boron neutron capture therapy. Therefore, a folate derivative was coupled to different boron clusters and cell uptake studies were conducted. The synthesis of the folate-boron clusters was straightforward. At first, a linker molecule based on maleic acid was synthesized, which was coupled to the boron cluster via Michael Addition of a thiol and alkene and subsequently coupled to the targeting moiety using CuAAC. The new conjugates of folate and boron clusters led to a significant increase of boron concentration in the cell of about 5-times compared to currently used and approved boron pharmaceuticals. rnMoreover, azido-folate derivatives were coupled to macromolecular carrier systems (pHPMA), which showed an enhanced and specific accumulation at target sites (up to 2.5-times) during in vivo experiments. A specific blockade could be observed up to 30% indicating an efficient targeting effect. A new kind of nanoparticles consisting of a PDLLA core and p((HPMA)-b-LMA)) as surfactants were developed and successfully radiolabeled via 18F-click chemistry in good RCYs of 8±3%rnThe nanoparticles were obtained via the miniemulsion technique in combination with solvent evaporation. The 18F-labeled nanoparticles were applied to in vivo testing using a mouse model. PET imaging showed a “mixed” biodistribution of low molecular weight as well as high molecular weight systems, indicating a partial loss of the 18F-labeled surfactant.rnIn conclusion, the presented work successfully utilized the FR-targeting concept in both, the diagnostic field (PET imaging) and for therapeutic approaches (BNCT, drug delivery systems). As a result, the high potential of FR-targeting in oncological applications has been shown and was confirmed by small animal PET imaging.rn