Rekonstitution des Fumaratsensors DcuS in Liposomen und Transport von Fumarat und Succinat in Escherichia coli

Das Zweikomponentenregulationssystem DcuSR kontrolliert die Expression der wichtigsten fumaratinduzierten Gene in Escherichia coli. Die Gene dcuB und dctA, die fürDicarboxylatcarrier kodieren, sowie das Fumaratreduktase-Operon (frd), sind Zielgene für DcuSR. DcuS ist eine membranständige Sensorkinase mit einer großen periplasmatischen Domäne. NMR-spektroskopische Untersuchungen dieser Domäne zeigen Alpha-Helices und Beta-Faltblätter. Für die Fumaratbindung wichtige Aminosäuren wurden durch Mutagenese identifiziert. Gereinigtes DcuS wurde in Liposomen rekonstituiert. In Anwesenheit von ATP wird DcuS autophosphoryliert. Der Phosphatrest kann dann auf DcuR übertragen werden und beweist somit die Aktivität dieses in vitro Testsystems.Der Transport von C4-Dicarboxylaten erfolgt unter anaeroben Bedingungen durch die sekundären Carrier DcuA, DcuB und DcuC. Es konnte ein weiteres Protein (DcuD) identifiziert werden, das hohe Sequenzähnlichkeit zu DcuC aufweist. Eine dcuD-Mutante zeigte keinen Phänotyp und überproduziertes DcuD konnte den Ausfall der anderen Dcu-Carrier nicht kompensieren. DcuD ist damit ein kryptisches Mitglied der Dcu-Carrierfamilie. Unter aeroben Bedingungen katalysiert DctA den Transport von C4-Dicarboxylaten. Dennoch können dctA-Mutanten noch mit Succinat wachsen. Die Diffusionsrate von Succinat durch Membranen wurde bestimmt. Sie ist um Größenordnungen niedriger als der Transport in der Mutante. Bei dem DctA unabhängigen Transportsystem handelt es sich um einen H+/Succinat2-Symporter, der bei saurem pH aktiv ist und viele Eigenschaften eines Monocarboxylatcarriers aufweist.

Fluorescence close to dielectric interfaces

The aim of the work was to study the correlation between the orientation and excited-state lifetimes of organic dyes close to dielectric interfaces. For this purpose, an experimental setup was designed and built, guiding the light through a prism in total internal reflection geometry. Fluorescence intensities and lifetimes for an ensemble of dye molecules were analyzed as a function of the excitation and detection polarizations. Working close to the total internal reflection angle, the differences between polarization combinations were enhanced. A classical electromagnetic model that assumes a chromophore as a couple of point-like electrical dipoles was developed. A numerical method to calculate the excitation and emission of dye molecules embedded in a multilayer system was implemented, by which full simulation of the time resolved fluorescence experiments was achieved. Free organic dyes and organic dyes covalently bound to polyelectrolyte chains were used. The polymer functionalization process avoided aggregation and provided control over the dyes position, within a few nanometers to the interface. Moreover, by varying the pH, the polymer chains could be deposited on different substrates with different conformations and the resulting fluorescence characteristics analyzed. Initially the fluorescence of organic dyes embedded in a polymer matrix was studied as a function of the distance between the fluorophores and the polymer-air interface. The non-radiative decay rate, vacuum decay rate and the relative angle between the excitation and emission dipoles of the chromophores could be determined. Different free organic dyes were deposited onto different dielectric spacers, as close as possible to the air-dielectric interface. Surprisingly, the fluorescence characteristics of dyes deposited onto polyelectrolyte layer were in good agreement with theoretical predictions of dyes in a polymer matrix, even when the layer was only 2 nm thick. When functionalized chains were deposited at low pH, on top of a polyelectrolyte spacer, the fluorescence had the characteristics of emitters embedded in a polymer matrix as well. Surface deposition at high pH showed an intermediate behaviour between emitters embedded in polymer and on top of the surface, in air. In general, for low pH values, the chains are deposited on a substrate in a train-like conformation. For high pH values, the chains are deposited in a loop-like conformation. As a consequence at low pH the functionalized polymer strongly interdigitates with the polyelectrolyte chains of the spacer, bringing most of the dyes inside the polymer. Thus, the fluorophores may experience the polymer as surrounding environment. On the other hand, for high pH values the dye-loaded chains adsorbed have a conformational arrangement of dense loops that extend away from the surface. Therefore many fluorophores experience the air as surrounding environment. Changing the spacer from polyelectrolyte to negatively charged silane produced contradictory results for lifetimes and intensities. The fluorescence intensities indicated the behaviour of emitters embedded in a polymer matrix, regardless of the pH value. On the other hand, for low pH values, the excited-state lifetimes showed that the emitters behaved as in air. For higher pH values, an intermediate behaviour between fluorophores located within and above of a dielectric film was observed. The poor agreement between theoretical and experimental data may be due to the simplified model utilized, by which the dipoles are assumed either in one side or in the other with respect to a geometrical air-dielectric interface. In the case when the dielectric film is constituted by the functionalized polymer chains themselves, reality is more complex and a different model may apply. Nevertheless, possible applications of the technique arise from a qualitative analysis.

Using sulfur isotope fractionation to understand the atmospheric oxidation of SO 2

Sulfate aerosol plays an important but uncertain role in cloud formation and radiative forcing of the climate, and is also important for acid deposition and human health. The oxidation of SO2 to sulfate is a key reaction in determining the impact of sulfate in the environment through its effect on aerosol size distribution and composition. This thesis presents a laboratory investigation of sulfur isotope fractionation during SO2 oxidation by the most important gas-phase and heterogeneous pathways occurring in the atmosphere. The fractionation factors are then used to examine the role of sulfate formation in cloud processing of aerosol particles during the HCCT campaign in Thuringia, central Germany. The fractionation factor for the oxidation of SO2 by ·OH radicals was measured by reacting SO2 gas, with a known initial isotopic composition, with ·OH radicals generated from the photolysis of water at -25, 0, 19 and 40°C (Chapter 2). The product sulfate and the residual SO2 were collected as BaSO4 and the sulfur isotopic compositions measured with the Cameca NanoSIMS 50. The measured fractionation factor for 34S/32S during gas phase oxidation is αOH = (1.0089 ± 0.0007) − ((4 ± 5) × 10−5 )T (°C). Fractionation during oxidation by major aqueous pathways was measured by bubbling the SO2 gas through a solution of H2 O2