Sustainable improvement of water networks : to achieve best decisions for rehabilitation plans using advanced GIS and statistical techniques

Many of developing countries are facing crisis in water management due to increasing of population, water scarcity, water contaminations and effects of world economic crisis. Water distribution systems in developing countries are facing many challenges of efficient repair and rehabilitation since the information of water network is very limited, which makes the rehabilitation assessment plans very difficult. Sufficient information with high technology in developed countries makes the assessment for rehabilitation easy. Developing countries have many difficulties to assess the water network causing system failure, deterioration of mains and bad water quality in the network due to pipe corrosion and deterioration. The limited information brought into focus the urgent need to develop economical assessment for rehabilitation of water distribution systems adapted to water utilities. Gaza Strip is subject to a first case study, suffering from severe shortage in the water supply and environmental problems and contamination of underground water resources. This research focuses on improvement of water supply network to reduce the water losses in water network based on limited database using techniques of ArcGIS and commercial water network software (WaterCAD). A new approach for rehabilitation water pipes has been presented in Gaza city case study. Integrated rehabilitation assessment model has been developed for rehabilitation water pipes including three components; hydraulic assessment model, Physical assessment model and Structural assessment model. WaterCAD model has been developed with integrated in ArcGIS to produce the hydraulic assessment model for water network. The model have been designed based on pipe condition assessment with 100 score points as a maximum points for pipe condition. As results from this model, we can indicate that 40% of water pipeline have score points less than 50 points and about 10% of total pipes length have less than 30 score points. By using this model, the rehabilitation plans for each region in Gaza city can be achieved based on available budget and condition of pipes. The second case study is Kuala Lumpur Case from semi-developed countries, which has been used to develop an approach to improve the water network under crucial conditions using, advanced statistical and GIS techniques. Kuala Lumpur (KL) has water losses about 40% and high failure rate, which make severe problem. This case can represent cases in South Asia countries. Kuala Lumpur faced big challenges to reduce the water losses in water network during last 5 years. One of these challenges is high deterioration of asbestos cement (AC) pipes. They need to replace more than 6500 km of AC pipes, which need a huge budget to be achieved. Asbestos cement is subject to deterioration due to various chemical processes that either leach out the cement material or penetrate the concrete to form products that weaken the cement matrix. This case presents an approach for geo-statistical model for modelling pipe failures in a water distribution network. Database of Syabas Company (Kuala Lumpur water company) has been used in developing the model. The statistical models have been calibrated, verified and used to predict failures for both networks and individual pipes. The mathematical formulation developed for failure frequency in Kuala Lumpur was based on different pipeline characteristics, reflecting several factors such as pipe diameter, length, pressure and failure history. Generalized linear model have been applied to predict pipe failures based on District Meter Zone (DMZ) and individual pipe levels. Based on Kuala Lumpur case study, several outputs and implications have been achieved. Correlations between spatial and temporal intervals of pipe failures also have been done using ArcGIS software. Water Pipe Assessment Model (WPAM) has been developed using the analysis of historical pipe failure in Kuala Lumpur which prioritizing the pipe rehabilitation candidates based on ranking system. Frankfurt Water Network in Germany is the third main case study. This case makes an overview for Survival analysis and neural network methods used in water network. Rehabilitation strategies of water pipes have been developed for Frankfurt water network in cooperation with Mainova (Frankfurt Water Company). This thesis also presents a methodology of technical condition assessment of plastic pipes based on simple analysis. This thesis aims to make contribution to improve the prediction of pipe failures in water networks using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Decision Support System (DSS). The output from the technical condition assessment model can be used to estimate future budget needs for rehabilitation and to define pipes with high priority for replacement based on poor condition. rn

Die Kristallstruktur zweier Atmungsproteine: das Hämoglobin des Meerschweinchens und das 24-mere Hämocyanin des Kaiserskorpions

Im Verlauf der vorgestellten Arbeit konnten die Kristallstrukturen zweier Atmungsproteine gelöst werden. Da diese Strukturen mit verschiedenen Auflösungen gelöst wurden, wurden für die beiden Modelle unterschiedliche Methoden verwendet.rnrnDie Kristalle des Hämoglobins des Meerschweinchens Cavia porcellus erlaubten eine Messung von Streureflexen bis zu einer Auflösung von 1.7 Ǻ. Damit konnten das Molecular Replacement und das folgende Refinement mit geringen Vorgaben durchgeführt werden.rnAnhand der ermittelten Struktur konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Höhenadaptation des Hämoglobins des Meerschweinchens auf einer Stabilisierung des R2-Zustandes und einer gleichzeitigen Destabilisierung des T-Zustandes beruht. Die zu Grunde liegenden Aminosäureaustausche konnten identifiziert und der resultierende Mechanismus postuliert werden. Die Durchführung von Mutagenese-Experimenten am Hämoglobin des Meerschweinchens könnte die vorgestellte Hypothese bestätigen.rnrnDie Kristallstruktur des 24-meren Hämocyanins aus Pandinus imperator konnte durch eine Kombination von Röntgenkristallographie und Homologiemodellierung mit einer Auflösung von 6.5 Ǻ gelöst werden. Allerdings wäre die Bestimmung der Phasen durch Molecular Replacement ohne die vor kurzem publizierte Kryo-EM Struktur nicht möglich gewesen [Cong et al., 2009].rnDamit ist es durch die Kombination verschiedener Methoden erstmalig gelungen die Struktur eines Hämocyanins dieser Größe (Mw = 1.7 MDa) zu lösen. Die Auflösung von 6.5 Ǻ, eine für die Kristallographie relativ geringe Auflösung, erlaubte die Bestimmung des Cα-Traces des Proteins mit hoher Genauigkeit.rnDurch die Kristallstruktur konnte das zu Grunde liegende Kryo-EM Modell aus [Cong et al., 2009] bestätigt werden. Insbesondere die Position der α-Helices konnte mittels Kristallographie mit einer höheren Genauigkeit bestimmt werden. Durch die Verwendung von OMIT-Maps wurde sichergestellt, dass die Struktur nicht "kopiert" wurde. Die Übereinstimmung ist deshalb auf die Struktur des Hämocyanins im gemessenen Kristall zurückzuführen, nicht auf einen Bias bei der Auswertung.rnAnhand der Kristallstruktur konnten für die Kooperativität im Trimer potentiell entscheidende Aminosäuren identifiziert werden. Diese Aminosäuren könnten im Vergleich zur bekannten trimeren Struktur aus Limulus polyphemus zur Ausbildung zusätzlicher Bindungen zwischen den Untereinheiten führen. Diese Bindungen könnten eine wichtige Rolle beim Konformationsübergang zwischen dem T- und R-Zustand spielen.rn