Struktur-Dynamik-Beziehungen in amorphen festen Lösungen

Feste Lösungen homogen dispergierter Wirkstoffmoleküle in amorphen Polymermatrizen sind wichtige Materialien in vielen pharmazeutischen Anwendungen, bei denen eine kontrollierte Abgabe wasserunlöslicher Wirkstoffe in wässrige Systeme eine Rolle spielt. Die intermolekulare Bindungs-stärke zwischen Polymer- und Wirkstoffmolekülgruppen bestimmt die Stabilität der festen Lösung und steuert somit die biologische Aktivität der Wirkstoffmoleküle. In festen Lösungen, die aus acryl-säurehaltigen Copolymeren (Protonendonoren) und basischen Wirkstoffmolekülen (Protonenakzepto-ren) hergestellt werden, sind intermolekulare Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen den Systemkomponenten Triebkraft für die Bildung einer stabilen homogenen Dispersion und für die Entstehung struktureller Merkmale zwischen den Molekülgruppen der Systemkomponenten. Zudem ist die Bindungsstärke der Wasserstoffbrücken im Hinblick auf die kontrollierte Abgabe der Wirkstoffe von Bedeutung. Da dynamische chemische Gleichgewichte bei der Bildung der Wasserstoffbrücken eine wichtige Rolle spielen müssen neben strukturellen Parametern auch dynamische Faktoren beleuchtet werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist neben der Ermittlung von intermolekularen Bindungsstärken vor allem die Identifika-tion struktureller Verhältnisse zwischen den Systemkomponenten auf molekularer Ebene. Die Be-stimmung der Abhängigkeit dieser Parameter von der Struktur der verwendeten Polymere und einer Vielzahl weiterer Einflüsse wie z.B. Feuchtigkeit, Lagerdauer oder Wirkstoffkonzentration soll ein kontrolliertes Design fester Lösungen mit definierten anwendungsspezifischen Eigenschaften ermögli-chen. Temperaturabhängige 1H-Festkörper-MAS-NMR (Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) Experimente an festen Lösungen mit unterschiedlichen Copolymer-Zusammensetzungen weisen die Existenz dynamischer chemischer Gleichgewichte in den komplexen Wasserstoffbrücken-netzwerken nach. Veränderungen in der chemischen Verschiebung und in der Linienform der Reso-nanzlinien acider Protonen erlauben einen tiefen Einblick in die Architektur dieser Netzwerke und legen die Bindungsverhältnisse unter Berücksichtigung der Polymerchemie und der Mobilität der Systemkomponenten dar, wobei die Befunde mithilfe quantenchemischer Rechnungen untermauert werden können. Die Gegenwart acider Protonen ermöglicht einen einfachen 1H-2H-Austausch, wor-aufhin mithilfe rotorsynchronisierter temperaturabhängiger 2H-MAS-NMR Experimente die Wasser-stoffbrückenbindungsstärke bestimmt werden kann. Mit 1H-1H-Korrelationsexperimenten (Doppelquantenspektroskopie) stehen Methoden für die Bestimmung homonuklearer dipolarer 1H-1H-Kopplungen zur Verfügung, die strukturelle Aussagen aufgrund von bevorzugten räumlichen Kontak-ten bestimmter Molekülgruppen ermöglichen. Weiterhin können diese Experimente verwendet werden, um Wasserstoffbrücken zwischen Polymergruppen von Polymer-Wirkstoff-Wasserstoffbrücken zu unterscheiden, wodurch eine quantitative Beschreibung des Bindungsnetzwerks und der Konkurrenz-prozesse zwischen den einzelnen wasserstoffverbrückten Spezies ermöglicht wird. Eine Kristallisation der Wirkstoffmoleküle ist in vielen Anwendungen unerwünscht, da sie die biologische Verfügbarkeit des Wirkstoffs reduzieren. Mit 1H-Festkörper-MAS-NMR Experimenten können kristalline von amorph dispergierten Wirkstoffmolekülen unterschieden werden, wodurch eine Quantifizierung der Destabilisierungsprozesse ermöglicht wird, die durch Exposition der festen Lösungen mit Wasserdampf ausgelöst werden können. Die Zeit- und Konzentrationsabhängigkeit der Wasseraufnahme kann mit NMR-Experimenten verfolgt werden, wobei unterschiedlich mobile Was-serspezies an unterschiedlichen Bindungsorten identifiziert werden können, was zum molekularen Verständnis der Destabilisierungsprozesse beiträgt. Zusätzlich wird die Mobilität der Wirkstoffmole-küle bestimmt, die sich – wie auch die Wirkstoffkonzentration - als wichtige Größe in der Beschrei-bung der Destabilisierung erweist. Aufbauend auf den Beobachtungen wird ein Zusammenhang zwischen der Copolymerzusammensetzung und einer kritischen Wirkstoffkonzentration hergestellt, der für die Anwendungen amorpher fester Lösungen in biologischen Systemen von großer Bedeutung ist.

Condensational growth of atmospheric aerosol particles in an expanding water saturated air flow

Aerosol particles and water vapour are two important constituents of the atmosphere. Their interaction, i.e. thecondensation of water vapour on particles, brings about the formation of cloud, fog, and raindrops, causing the water cycle on the earth, and being responsible for climate changes. Understanding the roles of water vapour and aerosol particles in this interaction has become an essential part of understanding the atmosphere. In this work, the heterogeneous nucleation on pre-existing aerosol particles by the condensation of water vapour in theflow of a capillary nozzle was investigated. Theoretical and numerical modelling as well as experiments on thiscondensation process were included. Based on reasonable results from the theoretical and numerical modelling, an idea of designing a new nozzle condensation nucleus counter (Nozzle-CNC), that is to utilise the capillary nozzle to create an expanding water saturated air flow, was then put forward and various experiments were carried out with this Nozzle-CNC under different experimental conditions. Firstly, the air stream in the long capillary nozzle with inner diameter of 1.0~mm was modelled as a steady, compressible and heat-conducting turbulence flow by CFX-FLOW3D computational program. An adiabatic and isentropic cooling in the nozzle was found. A supersaturation in the nozzle can be created if the inlet flow is water saturated, and its value depends principally on flow velocity or flow rate through the nozzle. Secondly, a particle condensational growth model in air stream was developed. An extended Mason's diffusion growthequation with size correction for particles beyond the continuum regime and with the correction for a certain particle Reynolds number in an accelerating state was given. The modelling results show the rapid condensational growth of aerosol particles, especially for fine size particles, in the nozzle stream, which, on the one hand, may induce evident `over-sizing' and `over-numbering' effects in aerosol measurements as nozzle designs are widely employed for producing accelerating and focused aerosol beams in aerosol instruments like optical particle counter (OPC) and aerodynamical particle sizer (APS). It can, on the other hand, be applied in constructing the Nozzle-CNC. Thirdly, based on the optimisation of theoretical and numerical results, the new Nozzle-CNC was built. Under various experimental conditions such as flow rate, ambient temperature, and the fraction of aerosol in the total flow, experiments with this instrument were carried out. An interesting exponential relation between the saturation in the nozzle and the number concentration of atmospheric nuclei, including hygroscopic nuclei (HN), cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), and traditionally measured atmospheric condensation nuclei (CN), was found. This relation differs from the relation for the number concentration of CCN obtained by other researchers. The minimum detectable size of this Nozzle-CNC is 0.04?m. Although further improvements are still needed, this Nozzle-CNC, in comparison with other CNCs, has severaladvantages such as no condensation delay as particles larger than the critical size grow simultaneously, low diffusion losses of particles, little water condensation at the inner wall of the instrument, and adjustable saturation --- therefore the wide counting region, as well as no calibration compared to non-water condensation substances.

Sustainable improvement of water networks : to achieve best decisions for rehabilitation plans using advanced GIS and statistical techniques

Many of developing countries are facing crisis in water management due to increasing of population, water scarcity, water contaminations and effects of world economic crisis. Water distribution systems in developing countries are facing many challenges of efficient repair and rehabilitation since the information of water network is very limited, which makes the rehabilitation assessment plans very difficult. Sufficient information with high technology in developed countries makes the assessment for rehabilitation easy. Developing countries have many difficulties to assess the water network causing system failure, deterioration of mains and bad water quality in the network due to pipe corrosion and deterioration. The limited information brought into focus the urgent need to develop economical assessment for rehabilitation of water distribution systems adapted to water utilities. Gaza Strip is subject to a first case study, suffering from severe shortage in the water supply and environmental problems and contamination of underground water resources. This research focuses on improvement of water supply network to reduce the water losses in water network based on limited database using techniques of ArcGIS and commercial water network software (WaterCAD). A new approach for rehabilitation water pipes has been presented in Gaza city case study. Integrated rehabilitation assessment model has been developed for rehabilitation water pipes including three components; hydraulic assessment model, Physical assessment model and Structural assessment model. WaterCAD model has been developed with integrated in ArcGIS to produce the hydraulic assessment model for water network. The model have been designed based on pipe condition assessment with 100 score points as a maximum points for pipe condition. As results from this model, we can indicate that 40% of water pipeline have score points less than 50 points and about 10% of total pipes length have less than 30 score points. By using this model, the rehabilitation plans for each region in Gaza city can be achieved based on available budget and condition of pipes. The second case study is Kuala Lumpur Case from semi-developed countries, which has been used to develop an approach to improve the water network under crucial conditions using, advanced statistical and GIS techniques. Kuala Lumpur (KL) has water losses about 40% and high failure rate, which make severe problem. This case can represent cases in South Asia countries. Kuala Lumpur faced big challenges to reduce the water losses in water network during last 5 years. One of these challenges is high deterioration of asbestos cement (AC) pipes. They need to replace more than 6500 km of AC pipes, which need a huge budget to be achieved. Asbestos cement is subject to deterioration due to various chemical processes that either leach out the cement material or penetrate the concrete to form products that weaken the cement matrix. This case presents an approach for geo-statistical model for modelling pipe failures in a water distribution network. Database of Syabas Company (Kuala Lumpur water company) has been used in developing the model. The statistical models have been calibrated, verified and used to predict failures for both networks and individual pipes. The mathematical formulation developed for failure frequency in Kuala Lumpur was based on different pipeline characteristics, reflecting several factors such as pipe diameter, length, pressure and failure history. Generalized linear model have been applied to predict pipe failures based on District Meter Zone (DMZ) and individual pipe levels. Based on Kuala Lumpur case study, several outputs and implications have been achieved. Correlations between spatial and temporal intervals of pipe failures also have been done using ArcGIS software. Water Pipe Assessment Model (WPAM) has been developed using the analysis of historical pipe failure in Kuala Lumpur which prioritizing the pipe rehabilitation candidates based on ranking system. Frankfurt Water Network in Germany is the third main case study. This case makes an overview for Survival analysis and neural network methods used in water network. Rehabilitation strategies of water pipes have been developed for Frankfurt water network in cooperation with Mainova (Frankfurt Water Company). This thesis also presents a methodology of technical condition assessment of plastic pipes based on simple analysis. This thesis aims to make contribution to improve the prediction of pipe failures in water networks using Geographic Information System (GIS) and Decision Support System (DSS). The output from the technical condition assessment model can be used to estimate future budget needs for rehabilitation and to define pipes with high priority for replacement based on poor condition. rn