4 resultados para South African -- 20th century
em ArchiMeD - Elektronische Publikationen der Universität Mainz - Alemanha
Resumo:
The central aim of the present study was to analyse ecological and geographical mechanisms that led to the species diversity and distribution pattern of the South African (sub-) endemic Bruniaceae shown today. To answer the question if the endangerment of some species and the sometimes restricted distribution area is due to an incongruence of pollination and breeding system, pollinator observations and the breeding system were analysed. rnThe effectiveness of the plant-pollinator interactions should be reflected in the reproductive success wherefore fruit set analyses were carried out. The genetic constitution of distant and close-by populations along a spatial gradient should illuminate gene-flow or habitat isolation that could have led to the species diversity. Since niche-inhabitation could be shown in the present study, an overall biogeographical analysis illuminated the distribution pattern on family level and the geographical as well as ecological factors that led to species persistence. rnThe study illuminated that the plant-pollinator interactions and the breeding system are adaptations to the fynbos biome but can not be defined as factors that drove speciation or have tremendous influence on distribution of Bruniaceae. In fact the geography of South Africa with its fragmented landscape as well as close niche-inhabitation of co-occuring species is the reason for species diversity and the recent distribution.rn
Resumo:
Robben sind amphibische marine Säugetiere. Das bedeutet, dass sie zweirnunterschiedliche Lebensräume, Wasser und Land, bewohnen. Ihre sensorischen Systeme müssen auf beide Medien abgestimmt sein. Gerade für das Sehvermögen ist es eine große Herausforderung, sich den zwei optisch unterschiedlichen Medien anzupassen. Deshalb sind Forscher an dem Sehen von marinen Säugern seit dem zwanzigsten Jahrhundert so sehr interessiert. rnBis heute wird kontrovers diskutiert, ob marine Säugetiere Farbe sehen können, da sie durch einen Gendefekt nur einen Zapfentyp besitzen und somit zu den Zapfen-Monochromaten gehören. Dressurexperimente zeigten jedoch, dass Seebären und Seelöwen in der Lage sind grüne und blaue Testfelder von Graustufen zu unterscheiden (Busch & Dücker, 1987; Griebel & Schmid, 1992).rnUm auszuschließen, dass die Tiere ein Farbensehen über die Unterscheidung von Helligkeit vortäuschen, wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit zunächst die Kontrasterkennung untersucht und danach Tests auf Farbensehen durchgeführt. Als Versuchstiere dienten zwei Seehunde (Phoca vitulina) und zwei Südafrikanische Seebären (Arctocephalus pusillus). Alle Versuche wurden unter freien Himmel im Zoo Frankfurt durchgeführt. Den Tieren wurden immer drei Testfelder zur Auswahl geboten: zwei waren gleich und zeigten ein homogenen Hintergrund, das dritte zeigte ein Dreieck auf demselben Hintergrund. Die Tiere wurden auf das Dreieck dressiert. In den Versuchen zum Helligkeitskontrast wurden graue Dreiecke auf grauem Hintergrund verwendet. Das Dreieck wurde nicht erkannt bei einem Luminanz-Kontrast (K= LD/(LD+LH)) zwischen 0,03 und -0,12.rnBeim Test auf Farbensehen wurden die Farben Blau, Grün, Gelb und Orange auf grauem Hintergrund verwendet. Die Testreihen zeigten, dass jedes Tier auch in Bereichen von geringem Helligkeitskontrast hohe Wahlhäufigkeiten auf das farbige Dreieck erzielte und somit eindeutig die Farben Blau, Grün und Gelb sehen konnte. Lediglich bei der Farbe Orange kann keine Aussage zum Farbensehen getroffen werden, da das farbige Dreieck immer dunkler war als der Hintergrund. rnZusammenfassend konnte in dieser Arbeit gezeigt werden, dass Seehunde und Seebären in der Lage sind Farbe zu sehen. Vermutlich beruht diese Fähigkeit auf der Interaktion von Stäbchen und Zapfen. rn
Resumo:
The Bedouin of South Sinai have been significantly affected by the politics of external powers for a long time. However, never had the interest of external powers in Sinai been so strong as since the Israeli-Egyptian wars in the second half of the 20th century when Bedouin interests started to collide with Egypt’s plans for a development of luxury tourism in South Sinai. rnrnThe tourism boom that has started in the 1980s has brought economic and infrastructure development to the Bedouin and tourism has become the most important source of income for the Bedouin. However, while the absolute increase of tourists to Sinai has trickled down to the Bedouin to some extent, the participation of Bedouin in the overall tourism development is under-proportionate. Moreover, the Bedouin have become increasingly dependent on monetary income and consequently from tourism as the only significant source of income while at the same time they have lost much of their land as well as their self-determination.rnrnIn this context, the Bedouin livelihoods have become very vulnerable due to repeated depressions in the tourism industry as well as marginalization. Major marginalization processes the Bedouin are facing are the loss of land, barriers to market entry, especially increasingly strict rules and regulations in the tourism industry, as well as discrimination by the authorities. Social differentiation and Bedouin preferences are identified as further factors in Bedouin marginalization.rnrnThe strategies Bedouin have developed in response to all these problems are coping strategies, which try to deal with the present problem at the individual level. Basically no strategies have been developed at the collective level that would aim to actively shape the Bedouin’s present and future. Collective action has been hampered by a variety of factors, such as the speed of the developments, the distribution of power or the decay of tribal structures.rnWhile some Bedouin might be able to continue their tourism activities, a large number of informal jobs will not be feasible anymore. The majority of the previously mostly self-employed Bedouin will probably be forced to work as day-laborers who will have lost much of their pride, dignity, sovereignty and freedom. Moreover, with a return to subsistence being impossible for the majority of the Bedouin, it is likely that an increasing number of marginalized Bedouin will turn to illegal income generating activities such as smuggling or drug cultivation. This in turn will lead to further repression and discrimination and could escalate in a serious violent conflict between the Bedouin and the government.rnrnDevelopment plans and projects should address the general lack of civil rights, local participation and protection of minorities in Egypt and promote Bedouin community development and the consideration of Bedouin interests in tourism development.rnrnWether the political upheavals and the resignation of president Mubarak at the beginning of 2011 will have a positive effect on the situation of the Bedouin remains to be seen.rn
Resumo:
Pollination and seed dispersal are important ecological processes for the regeneration of plant populations and both vectors for gene exchange between plant populations. For my thesis, I studied the pollination ecology of the South African tree Commiphora harveyi (Burseraceae) and compared it with C. guillauminii from Madagascar. Both species have low visitation rates and a low number of pollinating insect species, resulting in a low fruit set. While their pollination ecology is very similar, they differ in their seed dispersal with a low seed dispersal rate in the Malagasy and a high seed dispersal rate in the South African species. This should be reflected in a stronger genetic differentiation among populations in the Malagasy than in the South African species. My results, based on AFLP markers, contradict these expectations, the overall differentiation was lower in the Malagasy (FST = 0.05) than in the South African species (FST = 0.16). However, at a smaller spatial scale (below 3 km), the Malagasy species was genetically more strongly differentiated than the South African species, which was reflected by the high inter-population variance within the sample site (C. guillauminii: 72.2 - 85.5 %; C. harveyi: 8.4 - 14.5 %). This strong differentiation could arise from limited gene flow, which was confirmed by spatial autocorrelation analyses. The shape of the autocorrelogram suggested that gene exchange between individuals occurred only up to 3 km in the Malagasy species, whereas up to 30 km in the South African species. These results on the genetic structure correspond to the expectations based on seed dispersal data. Thus, seed dispersal seems to be a key factor for the genetic structure in plant populations on a local scale.