Tetracycline-inducible RNAi Knockdown of SCL (Stem Cell Leukaemia) in Mice

RNAi (RNA interference) is a powerful technology for sequence-specific targeting of mRNAs. This thesis was aimed at establishing conditions for conditional RNAi-mediated silencing first in vitro and subsequently also in transgenic mice. As a target the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor encoding gene SCL (stem cell leukaemia also known as Tal-1 or TCL5) was used. SCL is a key regulator for haematopoietic development and ectopic expression of SCL is correlated with acute T-lymphoblastic leukaemias. Loss of SCL function studies demonstrated that ab initio deletion of SCL resulted in embryonic lethality around day E9 in gestation. To be able to conditionally inactivate SCL, RNAi technology was combined with the tetracycline-dependent regulatory system. This strategy allowed to exogenously control the induction of RNAi in a reversible fashion and consequently the generation of a completely switchable RNAi knockdown. First a suitable vector allowing for co-expression of tetracycline-controlled shRNAs (small hairpin RNAs) and constitutively active EGFP (enhanced green fluorescent protein) was generated. This novel vector, pRNAi-EGFP, was then evaluated for EGFP expression and tetracycline-mediated expression of shRNAs. Four sequences targeting different regions within the SCL mRNA were tested for their efficiency to specifically knockdown SCL. These experiments were performed in M1 murine leukaemia cells and subsequently in the HEK 293 cell line, expressing an engineered HA-tagged SCL protein. The second assay provided a solid experimental method for determining the efficiency of different SCL-siRNA knockdown constructs in tissue culture. Western blotting analyses revealed a down regulation of SCL protein for all four tested SCL-specific target sequences albeit with different knockdown efficiencies (between 25% and 100%). Furthermore, stringent tetracycline-dependent switchability of shRNA expression was confirmed by co-transfecting the SCL-specific pRNAi-EGFP vector (SCL-siRNA) together with the HA-tagged SCL expression plasmid into the HEK 293TR /T-REx cell line constitutively expressing the tetracycline repressor (TetR). These series of experiments demonstrated tight regulation of siRNA expression without background activity. To be able to control the SCL knockdown in vivo and especially to circumvent any possible embryonic lethality a transgenic mouse line with general expression of a tetracycline repressor was needed. Two alternative methods were used to generate TetR mice. The first approach was to co-inject the tetracycline-regulated RNAi vector together with a commercially available and here specifically modified T-REx expression vector (SCL-siRNA T-REx FRT LoxP mouse line). The second method involved the generation of a TetR expressor mouse line, which was then used for donating TetR-positive oocytes for pronuclear injection of the RNAi vector (SCL-siRNA T-REx mouse line). As expected, and in agreement with data from conditional Cre-controlled adult SCL knockout mice, post-transcriptional silencing of SCL by RNAi caused a shift in the maturation of red blood cell populations. This was shown in the bone marrow and peripheral blood by FACS analysis with the red blood cell-specific TER119 and CD71 markers which can be used to define erythrocyte differentiation (Lodish plot technique). In conclusion this study established conditions for effective SCL RNAi-mediated silencing in vitro and in vivo providing an important tool for further investigations into the role of SCL and, more generally, of its in vivo function in haematopoiesis and leukaemia. Most importantly, the here acquired knowledge will now allow the establishment of other completely conditional and reversible knockdown phenotypes in mice.

The role of SENP1 in B cell development and differentiation

SUMOylation is a highly dynamic and reversible posttranslational protein modification closely related to ubiquitination. SUMOylation regulates a vast array of different cellular functions, such as cell cycle, nuclear transport, DNA damage response, proliferation and transcriptional activation. Several groups have shown in in vitro studies how important SUMOylation is for early B cell development and survival as well as for later plasma cell differentiation. This thesis focuses on the deSUMOylation protease SENP1 and its in vivo effects on B cell development and differentiation. For this a conditional SENP1 knockout mouse model was crossed to the CD19-Cre mouse strain to generate a B cell specific SENP1 knockout mouse.rnIn our conditional SENP1ff CD19-Cre mouse model we observed normal numbers of all B cell subsets in the bone marrow. However in the spleen we observed an impairment of B cell survival, based on a 50% reduction of the follicular B cell compartment, whereas the marginal zone B cell compartment was unchanged. T cell numbers were comparable to control mice. rnFurther, impairments of B cell survival in SENP1ff CD19-Cre mice were analysed after in vivo blocking of IL7R signalling. The αIL7R treatment in mature mice blocked new B cell formation in the bone marrow and increased apoptosis rates could be observed in splenic SENP1 KO B cells. Additionally, a higher turnover rate of B cells was measured by in vivo BrdU incorporation.rnSince it is known that the majority of transcription factors that are important for the maintenance of the germinal centre reaction or for induction of plasma cell development are SUMOylated, the question arose, how defective deSUMOylation will manifest itself in these processes. The majority of in vitro cultured splenic B cells, stimulated to undergo class switch recombination and plasma cell differentiation underwent activation induced cell death. However, the surviving cells increasingly differentiated into IgM expressing plasma cells. Class switch recombination to IgG1 was reduced. These observations stood in line with observation made in in vivo sheep red blood cell immunization experiments, which showed increased amounts of germinal centres and germinal centre B cells, as well as increased amounts of plasma cells differentiation in combination with decreased class switch to IgG1.rnThese results lead to the conclusion that SENP1 KO B cells increasingly undergo apoptosis, however, B cells that survive SENP1 deficiency are more prone to undergo plasma cell differentiation. Further, the precursors of these plasma cells either are not as capable of undergoing class switch recombination or they do switch to IgG1 and succumb to activation induced cell death. One possible explanation for both scenarios could be a defective DNA damage response mechanisms during class switch recombination, caused by impaired deSUMOylation. rn