The electron antineutrino angular correlation coefficient a in free neutron decay: Testing the standard model with the aSPECT-spectrometer

The beta-decay of free neutrons is a strongly over-determined process in the Standard Model (SM) of Particle Physics and is described by a multitude of observables. Some of those observables are sensitive to physics beyond the SM. For example, the correlation coefficients of the involved particles belong to them. The spectrometer aSPECT was designed to measure precisely the shape of the proton energy spectrum and to extract from it the electron anti-neutrino angular correlation coefficient "a". A first test period (2005/ 2006) showed the “proof-of-principles”. The limiting influence of uncontrollable background conditions in the spectrometer made it impossible to extract a reliable value for the coefficient "a" (publication: Baessler et al., 2008, Europhys. Journ. A, 38, p.17-26). A second measurement cycle (2007/ 2008) aimed to under-run the relative accuracy of previous experiments (Stratowa et al. (1978), Byrne et al. (2002)) da/a =5%. I performed the analysis of the data taken there which is the emphasis of this doctoral thesis. A central point are background studies. The systematic impact of background on a was reduced to da/a(syst.)=0.61 %. The statistical accuracy of the analyzed measurements is da/a(stat.)=1.4 %. Besides, saturation effects of the detector electronics were investigated which were initially observed. These turned out not to be correctable on a sufficient level. An applicable idea how to avoid the saturation effects will be discussed in the last chapter.

First measurements of the aSPECT spectrometer

The aSPECT spectrometer has been constructed to measure, with high precision, the integral proton spectrum of the free neutron decay. From this spectrum the neutrino electron angular correlation coefficient a can be inferred. The coefficient a is involved in several Standard Model tests, like the unitarity test of the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa quark mixing matrix. aSPECT has been designed to determine the coefficient a with an accuracy better than 3×10−4, that is, one order of magnitude better than the best current accuracy. First measurements with neutron beam with the aSPECT spectrometer were performed in the Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz, in Munich. A study of the data taken in this period is presented in this thesis, demonstrating the proof of principle of the spectrometer. However, the observation of situation and time-dependent background instabilities impedes the report of a new value of the coefficient a. A thorough data analysis is carried out to identify sources of these background instabilities in order to improve the aSPECT experiment for future beam times. The investigation indicates that trapped particles are most likely the reason for the background problems. Furthermore, it has been observed that measurements containing less trapped particles provide a-values closer to the currently Particle Data Group value. Based on this findings, different measures are proposed to eliminate potential traps in the spectrometer. Indeed, with the proposed modifications realized for the following beam-times, the observed background instabilities were greatly reduced.

Characterization of electromagnetic fields in the aSPECT spectrometer and reduction of systematic errors

Das aSPECT Spektrometer wurde entworfen, um das Spektrum der Protonen beimrnZerfall freier Neutronen mit hoher Präzision zu messen. Aus diesem Spektrum kann dann der Elektron-Antineutrino Winkelkorrelationskoeffizient "a" mit hoher Genauigkeit bestimmt werden. Das Ziel dieses Experiments ist es, diesen Koeffizienten mit einem absoluten relativen Fehler von weniger als 0.3% zu ermitteln, d.h. deutlich unter dem aktuellen Literaturwert von 5%.rnrnErste Messungen mit dem aSPECT Spektrometer wurden an der Forschungsneutronenquelle Heinz Maier-Leibnitz in München durchgeführt. Jedoch verhinderten zeitabhängige Instabilitäten des Meßhintergrunds eine neue Bestimmung von "a".rnrnDie vorliegende Arbeit basiert hingegen auf den letzten Messungen mit dem aSPECTrnSpektrometer am Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL) in Grenoble, Frankreich. Bei diesen Messungen konnten die Instabilitäten des Meßhintergrunds bereits deutlich reduziert werden. Weiterhin wurden verschiedene Veränderungen vorgenommen, um systematische Fehler zu minimieren und um einen zuverlässigeren Betrieb des Experiments sicherzustellen. Leider konnte aber wegen zu hohen Sättigungseffekten der Empfängerelektronik kein brauchbares Ergebnis gemessen werden. Trotzdem konnten diese und weitere systematische Fehler identifiziert und verringert, bzw. sogar teilweise eliminiert werden, wovon zukünftigernStrahlzeiten an aSPECT profitieren werden.rnrnDer wesentliche Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit befasst sich mit der Analyse und Verbesserung der systematischen Fehler, die durch das elektromagnetische Feld aSPECTs hervorgerufen werden. Hieraus ergaben sich vielerlei Verbesserungen, insbesondere konnten die systematischen Fehler durch das elektrische Feld verringert werden. Die durch das Magnetfeld verursachten Fehler konnten sogar soweit minimiert werden, dass nun eine Verbesserung des aktuellen Literaturwerts von "a" möglich ist. Darüber hinaus wurde in dieser Arbeit ein für den Versuch maßgeschneidertes NMR-Magnetometer entwickelt und soweit verbessert, dass nun Unsicherheiten bei der Charakterisierung des Magnetfeldes soweit reduziert wurden, dass sie für die Bestimmung von "a" mit einer Genauigkeit von mindestens 0.3% vernachlässigbar sind.

Measurement of the proton recoil spectrum in neutron beta decay with the spectrometer aSPECT : study of systematic effects

Precision measurements of observables in neutron beta decay address important open questions of particle physics and cosmology. In this thesis, a measurement of the proton recoil spectrum with the spectrometer aSPECT is described. From this spectrum the antineutrino-electron angular correlation coefficient a can be derived. In our first beam time at the FRM II in Munich, background instabilities prevented us from presenting a new value for a. In the latest beam time at the ILL in Grenoble, the background has been reduced sufficiently. As a result of the data analysis, we identified and fixed a problem in the detector electronics which caused a significant systematic error. The aim of the latest beam time was a new value for a with an error well below the present literature value of 4%. A statistical accuracy of about 1.4% was reached, but we could only set upper limits on the correction of the problem in the detector electronics, too high to determine a meaningful result. This thesis focused on the investigation of different systematic effects. With the knowledge of the systematics gained in this thesis, we are able to improve aSPECT to perform a 1% measurement of a in a further beam time.