Measurement of the unpolarized K+ Lambda and K+ Sigma 0 electroproduction cross-section off the proton with KAOS-spectrometer

The new stage of the Mainz Microtron, MAMI, at the Institute for Nuclear Physics of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, operational since 2007, allows open strangeness experiments to be performed. Covering the lack of electroproduction data at very low Q2, p(e,K+)Lambda and p(e,K+)Sigma0, reactions have been studied at Q^2 = 0.036(GeV/c)^2 andrnQ^2 = 0.05(GeV=c)^2 in a large angular range. Cross-section at W=1.75rnGeV will be given in angular bins and compared with the predictions of Saclay-Lyon and Kaon Maid isobaric models. We conclude that the original Kaon-Maid model, which has large longitudinal couplings of the photon to nucleon resonances, is unphysical. Extensive studies for the suitability of silicon photomultipliers as read out devices for a scintillating fiber tracking detector, with potential applications in both positive and negative arms of the spectrometer, will be presented as well.

Measurement of the elastic electron-proton cross section and separation of the electric and magnetic form factor in the Q 2 range from 0.004 to 1 (GeV/c) 2

The electromagnetic form factors of the proton are fundamental quantities sensitive to the distribution of charge and magnetization inside the proton. Precise knowledge of the form factors, in particular of the charge and magnetization radii provide strong tests for theory in the non-perturbative regime of QCD. However, the existing data at Q^2 below 1 (GeV/c)^2 are not precise enough for a hard test of theoretical predictions.rnrnFor a more precise determination of the form factors, within this work more than 1400 cross sections of the reaction H(e,e′)p were measured at the Mainz Microtron MAMI using the 3-spectrometer-facility of the A1-collaboration. The data were taken in three periods in the years 2006 and 2007 using beam energies of 180, 315, 450, 585, 720 and 855 MeV. They cover the Q^2 region from 0.004 to 1 (GeV/c)^2 with counting rate uncertainties below 0.2% for most of the data points. The relative luminosity of the measurements was determined using one of the spectrometers as a luminosity monitor. The overlapping acceptances of the measurements maximize the internal redundancy of the data and allow, together with several additions to the standard experimental setup, for tight control of systematic uncertainties.rnTo account for the radiative processes, an event generator was developed and implemented in the simulation package of the analysis software which works without peaking approximation by explicitly calculating the Bethe-Heitler and Born Feynman diagrams for each event.rnTo separate the form factors and to determine the radii, the data were analyzed by fitting a wide selection of form factor models directly to the measured cross sections. These fits also determined the absolute normalization of the different data subsets. The validity of this method was tested with extensive simulations. The results were compared to an extraction via the standard Rosenbluth technique.rnrnThe dip structure in G_E that was seen in the analysis of the previous world data shows up in a modified form. When compared to the standard-dipole form factor as a smooth curve, the extracted G_E exhibits a strong change of the slope around 0.1 (GeV/c)^2, and in the magnetic form factor a dip around 0.2 (GeV/c)^2 is found. This may be taken as indications for a pion cloud. For higher Q^2, the fits yield larger values for G_M than previous measurements, in agreement with form factor ratios from recent precise polarized measurements in the Q2 region up to 0.6 (GeV/c)^2.rnrnThe charge and magnetic rms radii are determined as rn⟨r_e⟩=0.879 ± 0.005(stat.) ± 0.004(syst.) ± 0.002(model) ± 0.004(group) fm,rn⟨r_m⟩=0.777 ± 0.013(stat.) ± 0.009(syst.) ± 0.005(model) ± 0.002(group) fm.rnThis charge radius is significantly larger than theoretical predictions and than the radius of the standard dipole. However, it is in agreement with earlier results measured at the Mainz linear accelerator and with determinations from Hydrogen Lamb shift measurements. The extracted magnetic radius is smaller than previous determinations and than the standard-dipole value.

Tracking, b-tagging and measurement of the b-jet production cross section with the ATLAS detector

The Standard Model of elementary particle physics was developed to describe the fundamental particles which constitute matter and the interactions between them. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN in Geneva was built to solve some of the remaining open questions in the Standard Model and to explore physics beyond it, by colliding two proton beams at world-record centre-of-mass energies. The ATLAS experiment is designed to reconstruct particles and their decay products originating from these collisions. The precise reconstruction of particle trajectories plays an important role in the identification of particle jets which originate from bottom quarks (b-tagging). This thesis describes the step-wise commissioning of the ATLAS track reconstruction and b-tagging software and one of the first measurements of the b-jet production cross section in pp collisions at sqrt(s)=7 TeV with the ATLAS detector. The performance of the track reconstruction software was studied in great detail, first using data from cosmic ray showers and then collisions at sqrt(s)=900 GeV and 7 TeV. The good understanding of the track reconstruction software allowed a very early deployment of the b-tagging algorithms. First studies of these algorithms and the measurement of the b-tagging efficiency in the data are presented. They agree well with predictions from Monte Carlo simulations. The b-jet production cross section was measured with the 2010 dataset recorded by the ATLAS detector, employing muons in jets to estimate the fraction of b-jets. The measurement is in good agreement with the Standard Model predictions.

Measurement of the inclusive jet cross section in proton-proton collisions at root out s = 7 TeV with the ATLAS detector

The dominant process in hard proton-proton collisions is the production of hadronic jets.rnThese sprays of particles are produced by colored partons, which are struck out of their confinement within the proton.rnPrevious measurements of inclusive jet cross sections have provided valuable information for the determination of parton density functions and allow for stringent tests of perturbative QCD at the highest accessible energies.rnrnThis thesis will present a measurement of inclusive jet cross sections in proton-proton collisions using the ATLAS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV.rnJets are identified using the anti-kt algorithm and jet radii of R=0.6 and R=0.4.rnThey are calibrated using a dedicated pT and eta dependent jet calibration scheme.rnThe cross sections are measured for 40 GeV < pT <= 1 TeV and |y| < 2.8 in four bins of absolute rapidity, using data recorded in 2010 corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 3 pb^-1.rnThe data is fully corrected for detector effects and compared to theoretical predictions calculated at next-to-leading order including non-perturbative effects.rnThe theoretical predictions are found to agree with data within the experimental and theoretic uncertainties.rnrnThe ratio of cross sections for R=0.4 and R=0.6 is measured, exploiting the significant correlations of the systematic uncertainties, and is compared to recently developed theoretical predictions.rnThe underlying event can be characterized by the amount of transverse momentum per unit rapidity and azimuth, called rhoue.rnUsing analytical approaches to the calculation of non-perturbative corrections to jets, rhoue at the LHC is estimated using the ratio measurement.rnA feasibility study of a combined measurement of rhoue and the average strong coupling in the non-perturbative regime alpha_0 is presented and proposals for future jet measurements at the LHC are made.

Measurement of the e + e - pi + pi - pi + pi - cross section using initial state radiation at BABAR

One of the most precisely measured quantities in particle physics is the magnetic moment of the muon, which describes its coupling to an external magnetic field. It is expressed in form of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon a_mu=(g_mu-2)/2 and has been determined experimentally with a precision of 0.5 parts per million. The current direct measurement and the theoretical prediction of the standard model differ by more than 3.5 standard deviations. Concerning theory, the contribution of the QED and weak interaction to a_mu can be calculated with very high precision in a perturbative approach.rnAt low energies, however, perturbation theory cannot be used to determine the hadronic contribution a^had_mu. On the other hand, a^had_mu may be derived via a dispersion relation from the sum of measured cross sections of exclusive hadronic reactions. Decreasing the experimental uncertainty on these hadronic cross sections is of utmost importance for an improved standard model prediction of a_mu.rnrnIn addition to traditional energy scan experiments, the method of Initial State Radiation (ISR) is used to measure hadronic cross sections. This approach allows experiments at colliders running at a fixed centre-of-mass energy to access smaller effective energies by studying events which contain a high-energetic photon emitted from the initial electron or positron. Using the technique of ISR, the energy range from threshold up to 4.5GeV can be accessed at Babar.rnrnThe cross section e+e- -> pi+pi- contributes with approximately 70% to the hadronic part of the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon a_mu^had. This important channel has been measured with a precision of better than 1%. Therefore, the leading contribution to the uncertainty of a_mu^had at present stems from the invariant mass region between 1GeV and 2GeV. In this energy range, the channels e+e- -> pi+pi-pi+pi- and e+e- -> pi+pi-pi0pi0 dominate the inclusive hadronic cross section. The measurement of the process e+e- -> pi+pi-pi+pi- will be presented in this thesis. This channel has been previously measured by Babar based on 25% of the total dataset. The new analysis includes a more detailed study of the background contamination from other ISR and non-radiative background reactions. In addition, sophisticated studies of the track reconstruction as well as the photon efficiency difference between the data and the simulation of the Babar detector are performed. With these auxiliary studies, a reduction of the systematic uncertainty from 5.0% to 2.4% in the peak region was achieved.rnrnThe pi+pi-pi+pi- final state has a rich internal structure. Hints are seen for the intermediate states rho(770)^0 f_2(1270), rho(770)^0 f_0(980), as well as a_1(1260)pi. In addition, the branching ratios BR(jpsi -> pi+pi-pi+pi-) and BR(psitwos -> jpsi pi+pi-) are extracted.rn

Probing quantum chromodynamics with the ATLAS detector : charged-particle event shape variables and the dijet cross-section

Die Quantenchromodynamik ist die zugrundeliegende Theorie der starken Wechselwirkung und kann in zwei Bereiche aufgeteilt werden. Harte Streuprozesse, wie zum Beispiel die Zwei-Jet-Produktion bei hohen invarianten Massen, können störungstheoretisch behandelt und berechnet werden. Bei Streuprozessen mit niedrigen Impulsüberträgen hingegen ist die Störungstheorie nicht mehr anwendbar und phänemenologische Modelle werden für Vorhersagen benutzt. Das ATLAS Experiment am Large Hadron Collider am CERN ermöglicht es, QCD Prozesse bei hohen sowie niedrigen Impulsüberträgen zu untersuchen. In dieser Arbeit werden zwei Analysen vorgestellt, die jeweils ihren Schwerpunkt auf einen der beiden Regime der QCD legen:rnDie Messung von Ereignisformvariablen bei inelastischen Proton--Proton Ereignissen bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von $sqrt{s} = unit{7}{TeV}$ misst den transversalen Energiefluss in hadronischen Ereignissen. rnDie Messung des zweifachdifferentiellen Zwei-Jet-Wirkungsquerschnittes als Funktion der invarianten Masse sowie der Rapiditätsdifferenz der beiden Jets mit den höchsten Transversalimpulsen kann genutzt werden um Theorievorhersagen zu überprüfen. Proton--Proton Kollisionen bei $sqrt{s} = unit{8}{TeV}$, welche während der Datennahme im Jahr 2012 aufgezeichnet wurden, entsprechend einer integrierten Luminosität von $unit{20.3}{fb^{-1}}$, wurden analysiert.rn

High-mass Drell-Yan cross-section and search for new phenomena in multi-electron/positron final states with the ATLAS detector

The Standard Model of particle physics is a very successful theory which describes nearly all known processes of particle physics very precisely. Nevertheless, there are several observations which cannot be explained within the existing theory. In this thesis, two analyses with high energy electrons and positrons using data of the ATLAS detector are presented. One, probing the Standard Model of particle physics and another searching for phenomena beyond the Standard Model.rnThe production of an electron-positron pair via the Drell-Yan process leads to a very clean signature in the detector with low background contributions. This allows for a very precise measurement of the cross-section and can be used as a precision test of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD) where this process has been calculated at next-to-next-to-leading order (NNLO). The invariant mass spectrum mee is sensitive to parton distribution functions (PFDs), in particular to the poorly known distribution of antiquarks at large momentum fraction (Bjoerken x). The measurementrnof the high-mass Drell-Yan cross-section in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 7 TeV is performed on a dataset collected with the ATLAS detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 4.7 fb-1. The differential cross-section of pp -> Z/gamma + X -> e+e- + X is measured as a function of the invariant mass in the range 116 GeV < mee < 1500 GeV. The background is estimated using a data driven method and Monte Carlo simulations. The final cross-section is corrected for detector effects and different levels of final state radiation corrections. A comparison isrnmade to various event generators and to predictions of pQCD calculations at NNLO. A good agreement within the uncertainties between measured cross-sections and Standard Model predictions is observed.rnExamples of observed phenomena which can not be explained by the Standard Model are the amount of dark matter in the universe and neutrino oscillations. To explain these phenomena several extensions of the Standard Model are proposed, some of them leading to new processes with a high multiplicity of electrons and/or positrons in the final state. A model independent search in multi-object final states, with objects defined as electrons and positrons, is performed to search for these phenomenas. Therndataset collected at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt(s) = 8 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb-1 is used. The events are separated in different categories using the object multiplicity. The data-driven background method, already used for the cross-section measurement was developed further for up to five objects to get an estimation of the number of events including fake contributions. Within the uncertainties the comparison between data and Standard Model predictions shows no significant deviations.

Measurement of the ZZ production cross section and limits to the anomalous triple gauge couplings with forward electrons with the ATLAS detector

Measurements of the self coupling between bosons are important to test the electroweak sector of the Standard Model (SM). The production of pairs of Z bosons through the s-channel is forbidden in the SM. The presence of physics, beyond the SM, could lead to a deviation of the expected production cross section of pairs of Z bosons due to the so called anomalous Triple Gauge Couplings (aTGC). Proton-proton data collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) recorded by the ATLAS detector at a center of mass energy of 8 TeV were analyzed corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 20.3 fb-1. Pairs of Z bosons decaying into two electron-positron pairs are searched for in the data sample. The effect of the inclusion of detector regions corresponding to high values of the pseudorapidity was studied to enlarge the phase space available for the measurement of the ZZ production. The number of ZZ candidates was determined and the ZZ production cross section was measured to be: rn7.3±1.0(Stat.)±0.4(Sys.)±0.2(lumi.)pb, which is consistent with the SM expectation value of 7.2±0.3pb. Limits on the aTGCs were derived using the observed yield, which are twice as stringent as previous limits obtained by ATLAS at a center of mass energy of 7 TeV.

Measurement of the e + e - pi + pi - cross section using initial state radiation at BESIII

The future goal of modern physics is the discovery of physics beyond the Standard Model. One of the most significant hints for New Physics can be seen in the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon - one of the most precise measured variables in modern physics and the main motivation of this work. This variable is associated with the coupling of the muon, an elementary particle, to an external electromagnetic field and is defined as a = (g - 2)/2, whereas g is the gyromagnetic factor of the muon. The muon anomaly has been measured with a relative accuracy of 0.5·10-6. However, a difference between the direct measurement and the Standard Model prediction of 3.6 standard deviations can be observed. This could be a hint for the existence of New Physics. Unfortunately, it is, yet, not significant enough to claim an observation and, thus, more precise measurements and calculations have to be performed.rnThe muon anomaly has three contributions, whereas the ones from quantum electrodynamics and weak interaction can be determined from perturbative calculations. This cannot be done in case of the hadronic contributions at low energies. The leading order contribution - the hadronic vacuum polarization - can be computed via a dispersion integral, which needs as input hadronic cross section measurements from electron-positron annihilations. Hence, it is essential for a precise prediction of the muon anomaly to measure these hadronic cross sections, σ(e+e-→hadrons), with high accuracy. With a contribution of more than 70%, the final state containing two charged pions is the most important one in this context.rnIn this thesis, a new measurement of the σ(e+e-→π+π-) cross section and the pion form factor is performed with an accuracy of 0.9% in the dominant ρ(770) resonance region between 600 and rn900 MeV at the BESIII experiment. The two-pion contribution to the leading-order (LO) hadronic vacuum polarization contribution to (g - 2) from the BESIII result, obtained in this work, is computed to be a(ππ,LO,600-900 MeV) = (368.2±2.5stat±3.3sys)·10-10. With the result presented in this thesis, we make an important contribution on the way to solve the (g - 2) puzzle.

Feasibility studies for accessing nucleon structure observables with the PANDA experiment at the future FAIR facility

The availability of a high-intensity antiproton beam with momentum up to 15,GeV/c at the future FAIR will open a unique opportunity to investigate wide areas of nuclear physics with the $overline{P}$ANDA (anti{$overline{P}$}roton ANnihilations at DArmstadt) detector. Part of these investigations concern the Electromagnetic Form Factors of the proton in the time-like region and the study of the Transition Distribution Amplitudes, for which feasibility studies have been performed in this Thesis. rnMoreover, simulations to study the efficiency and the energy resolution of the backward endcap of the electromagnetic calorimeter of $overline{P}$ANDA are presented. This detector is crucial especially for the reconstruction of processes like $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^- pi^0$, investigated in this work. Different arrangements of dead material were studied. The results show that both, the efficiency and the energy resolution of the backward endcap of the electromagnetic calorimeter fullfill the requirements for the detection of backward particles, and that this detector is necessary for the reconstruction of the channels of interest. rnrnThe study of the annihilation channel $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^-$ will improve the knowledge of the Electromagnetic Form Factors in the time-like region, and will help to understand their connection with the Electromagnetic Form Factors in the space-like region. In this Thesis the feasibility of a measurement of the $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^-$ cross section with $overline{P}$ANDA is studied using Monte-Carlo simulations. The major background channel $bar pprightarrow pi^+ pi^-$ is taken into account. The results show a $10^9$ background suppression factor, which assure a sufficiently clean signal with less than 0.1% background contamination. The signal can be measured with an efficiency greater than 30% up to $s=14$,(GeV/c)$^2$. The Electromagnetic Form Factors are extracted from the reconstructed signal and corrected angular distribution. Above this $s$ limit, the low cross section will not allow the direct extraction of the Electromagnetic Form Factors. However, the total cross section can still be measured and an extraction of the Electromagnetic Form Factors is possible considering certain assumptions on the ratio between the electric and magnetic contributions.rnrnThe Transition Distribution Amplitudes are new non-perturbative objects describing the transition between a baryon and a meson. They are accessible in hard exclusive processes like $bar pprightarrow e^+ e^- pi^0$. The study of this process with $overline{P}$ANDA will test the Transition Distribution Amplitudes approach. This work includes a feasibility study for measuring this channel with $overline{P}$ANDA. The main background reaction is here $bar pprightarrow pi^+ pi^- pi^0$. A background suppression factor of $10^8$ has been achieved while keeping a signal efficiency above 20%.rnrnrnPart of this work has been published in the European Physics Journal A 44, 373-384 (2010).rn

Nucleon electromagnetic structure studies in the spacelike and timelike regions

The thesis investigates the nucleon structure probed by the electromagnetic interaction. One of the most basic observables, reflecting the electromagnetic structure of the nucleon, are the form factors, which have been studied by means of elastic electron-proton scattering with ever increasing precision for several decades. In the timelike region, corresponding with the proton-antiproton annihilation into a electron-positron pair, the present experimental information is much less accurate. However, in the near future high-precision form factor measurements are planned. About 50 years after the first pioneering measurements of the electromagnetic form factors, polarization experiments stirred up the field since the results were found to be in striking contradiction to the findings of previous form factor investigations from unpolarized measurements. Triggered by the conflicting results, a whole new field studying the influence of two-photon exchange corrections to elastic electron-proton scattering emerged, which appeared as the most likely explanation of the discrepancy. The main part of this thesis deals with theoretical studies of two-photon exchange, which is investigated particularly with regard to form factor measurements in the spacelike as well as in the timelike region. An extraction of the two-photon amplitudes in the spacelike region through a combined analysis using the results of unpolarized cross section measurements and polarization experiments is presented. Furthermore, predictions of the two-photon exchange effects on the e+p/e-p cross section ratio are given for several new experiments, which are currently ongoing. The two-photon exchange corrections are also investigated in the timelike region in the process pbar{p} -> e+ e- by means of two factorization approaches. These corrections are found to be smaller than those obtained for the spacelike scattering process. The influence of the two-photon exchange corrections on cross section measurements as well as asymmetries, which allow a direct access of the two-photon exchange contribution, is discussed. Furthermore, one of the factorization approaches is applied for investigating the two-boson exchange effects in parity-violating electron-proton scattering. In the last part of the underlying work, the process pbar{p} -> pi0 e+e- is analyzed with the aim of determining the form factors in the so-called unphysical, timelike region below the two-nucleon production threshold. For this purpose, a phenomenological model is used, which provides a good description of the available data of the real photoproduction process pbar{p} -> pi0 gamma.

Kohärente Photoproduktion von eta-Mesonen am Deuteron im Bereich der S 11 (1535)-Resonanz

Es wurden Rueckstreueffekte in der kohaerentenEta-Photoproduktion amDeuteron im Bereich der S11(1535)-Resonanz untersucht. Fuerdenelementaren Prozess am Deuteron wurde ein effektivesResonanzmodelleinschliesslich Borntermen verwendet. Die Resonanzparameterwurdenausschliesslich an den elementaren Mesonproduktionsprozessenfestgelegt. Bei der kohaerenten Eta-Photoproduktion amDeuteron wurdedie Stossnaeherung fuer die P11(1440)-, D13(1520)- undS11(1535)-Resonanz sowie Rueckstreueffekte undMesonaustauschstroemeberuecksichtigt. Die Rueckstreuung wird innerhalb einesgekoppelten-Kanal-Modells unter Beruecksichtigung derResonanzanregungbehandelt. Es ergibt sich eine Erhoehung des differentiellenWirkungsquerschnitts um etwa 5% durch die Rueckstreuung. InihrerSumme sind Zweiteilcheneffekte kleine Beitraege zurkohaerentenEta-Photoproduktion am Deuteron.

Photoproduktion neutraler Pionen am Proton mit linear polarisierten Photonen im Bereich der Delta(1232)-Resonanz

Hinweise auf die innere Struktur des Nukleons, dessenbeobachtbares Quadrupolmoment verschwindet, lassen sich u.a.durch die Untersuchung des N->Delta(1232)-Übergangsgewinnen. Dieser wird von der magnetischen Dipolanregung M1- einem Spinflip-Übergang - dominiert. In der Reaktion (gamma(lin. pol.) p -> p pi0) gelingt es mittels der Photonasymmetrie Sigma, das Signal der kleinen elektrischen Quadrupolamplitude E2 in einem Interferenztermmit der M1-Amplitude zu verstärken und das VerhältnisREM=E2/M1 des betrachteten Übergangs zu bestimmen. DieE2-Amplitude des N->Delta-Übergangs läßt auf eineDeformation des Nukleons und/oder der Delta-Resonanzschließen. Das zugehörige Experiment wurde am MainzerElektronenbeschleuniger MAMI durchgeführt. Durch kohärenteBremsstrahlung der Elektronen an einem Diamantradiatorstanden im Bereich der Delta(1232)-Resonanz linear polarisierte Photonen zur Verfügung. Insgesamt wurden reellePhotonen im Bereich Egamma=(200-790) MeV von derA2-Photonenmarkierungsanlage (Glasgow--Tagger)energiemarkiert. Mit dem Photonenspektrometer TAPS wurden die pi0-Mesonen über ihre beiden Zerfallsphotonennachgewiesen. Die gewählte Anordnung der 504BaF2-Einzelkristalle um ein Flüssigwasserstofftargeterlaubte den pi0-Nachweis im vollen Polarwinkelbereich. Die Datenbasis zur pi0-Photoproduktion am Proton konntehinsichtlich der Wirkungsquerschnitte und Photonasymmetriendurch Datenpunkte über den gesamten Polarwinkelbereichhinweg nachdrücklich erweitert werden.Eine weiterführende Multipolanalyse der neuen(Proton-pi0)-Daten ermöglichte im Energiebereich derDelta-Resonanz die Bestimmung der s- und p-WellenIsospinamplituden von E0+, M1-, E1+ und M1+.

Pi +-Elektroproduktion an der Schwelle

Die Messung der Elektroproduktion geladener Pionen in der Nähe der Produktionsschwelle ermöglicht die Bestimmung des axialen Formfaktors des Nukleons G_A(Q²) und aus seinem Verlauf die Extraktion der axialen Masse M_A. Diese Größe kann im Rahmen der chiralen Störungstheorie vorhergesagt werden, so daß ihre experimentelle Bestimmung eine Überprüfung der theoretischen Beschreibung des Nukleons erlaubt. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die bereits am Institut für Kernphysik der Universität Mainz in der A1-Kollaboration durchgeführten Messungen der Reaktion H(e,e'Pi+)n bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie von W = 1125 MeV und einem Vierer- impulsübertrag Q² von 0.117, 0.195 und 0.273 (GeV/c)² durch eine weitere Messung bei Q² = 0.058 (GeV/c)² ergänzt. In einer zweiten Meßperiode wurden zusätzlich die Messungen für die Q²-Werte von 0.117 und 0.195 (GeV/c)² wiederholt. Für alle Q²-Werte wurden Daten bei mindestens drei verschiedenen Werten der Polarisation des virtuellen Photons genommen, so daß für alle Messungen eine Rosenbluthseparation durchgeführt werden konnte, um den transversalen und den longitudinalen Anteil des Wirkungsquerschnitts zu bestimmen. Das Ergebnis für Q² = 0.195 (GeV/c)² stimmt im Rahmen der Fehler mit dem alten Ergebnis überein, für Q² = 0.117 (GeV/c)² ergibt sich eine deutliche Abweichung des longitudinalen Anteils. Das Ergebnis für Q² = 0.058 (GeV/c)² liegt unter der aus den alten Messungen gewonnenen Vorhersage. Der induzierte pseudoskalare Formfaktor des Nukleons G_P(Q²) kann ebenfalls in der Pionelektroproduktion bestimmt werden, wenn die Messung bei einer Schwerpunktsenergie nur wenige MeV über der Produktionsschwelle stattfindet. Eine solche Messung erfordert den Nachweis von Pionen mit kinetischen Energien unter 35 MeV, für den die in der A1-Kollaboration vorhandenen Spektrometer nicht geeignet sind. Im apparativen Teil der Arbeit wurde daher ein Szintillatorhodoskop für ein dediziertes Pionspektrometer mit kurzer Weglänge gebaut und getestet. Außerdem wurden für dieses sogenannte Short-Orbit-Spektrometer drei Kollimatoren entworfen und eingebaut.

Polarization observables in virtual compton scattering

Virtual Compton Scattering (VCS) is an important reaction for understanding nucleon structure at low energies. By studying this process, the generalized polarizabilities of the nucleon can be measured. These observables are a generalization of the already known polarizabilities and will permit theoretical models to be challenged on a new level. More specifically, there exist six generalized polarizabilities and in order to disentangle them all, a double polarization experiment must be performed. Within this work, the VCS reaction p(e,e p)gamma was measured at MAMI using the A1 Collaboration three spectrometer setup with Q2=0.33 (GeV/c)2. Using the highly polarized MAMI beam and a recoil proton polarimeter, it was possible to measure both the VCS cross section and the double polarization observables. Already in 2000, the unpolarized VCS cross section was measured at MAMI. In this new experiment, we could confirm the old data and furthermore the double polarization observables were measured for the first time. The data were taken in five periods between 2005 and 2006. In this work, the data were analyzed to extract the cross section and the proton polarization. For the analysis, a maximum likelihood algorithm was developed together with the full simulation of all the analysis steps. The experiment is limited by the low statistics due mainly to the focal plane proton polarimeter efficiency. To overcome this problem, a new determination and parameterization of the carbon analyzing power was performed. The main result of the experiment is the extraction of a new combination of the generalized polarizabilities using the double polarization observables.