Entwicklung und Anwendung eines Beatmungssystems zur Untersuchung der Lungenfeinstruktur mittels He-3-Magnetresonanztomographie

Im Rahmen meiner Dissertation wurde ein 3He-Applikationssystem für die in-vivo 3He-Magnetresonanztomographie der Lunge von Ratten entwickelt. Im Gegensatz zu anderen bisher entwickelten MR-kompatiblen Beatmungsgeräten wurde in diesem Applikationssystem erstmals der polarisationserhaltende ³He-Langzeitspeicher im Streufeld des Tomographen integriert. Bei der 3He-Applikation wird das 3He-Gas automatisch aus dem Langzeitspeicher außerhalb des Magneten zum Tier in den Tomographen geleitet. Die Kernspin-Polarisationsverluste, die beim 3He-Transfer zum Tier in den Tomographen auftreten, betragen etwa 1% (rel.) und sind vernachlässigbar gering. Das Beatmungssystem wurde zusammen mit der MRT-Bildgebungssequenz COMSPIRA an mehr als 200 Tieren erfolgreich getestet. Die MRT-Aufnahmen fanden hauptsächlich an einem 0,47 T Niederfeldtomographen bei der Firma Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma in Biberach statt. Es wurden sowohl morphologische Aufnahmen der Rattenlunge gemacht als auch der „Apparent Diffusion Coefficient“ (ADC) gemessen. Die relative Streuung der ADC-Werte innerhalb einer Gruppe von Tieren ähnlichen Alters und Gewichts betrug dabei 5%. Bei Wiederholungsmessungen an ein und demselben Tier verringerte sich die relative Streuung auf 1%. Diese Werte unterstreichen die hohe Reproduzierbarkeit des Beatmungssystems sowie des gesamten Messverfahrens. Weiterhin wurde ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das den experimentell bestimmten ADC unabhängig von dem Mischungsverhältnis zwischen dem applizierten 3He und der Atemluft in der Lunge macht. Dies kann erreicht werden, indem das hp 3He mit dem chemisch inerten und ungiftigen Gas SF6 in einem definierten Verhältnis gemischt wird und anschließend dem Tier appliziert wird. Zuletzt wurde der ADC von emphysematischen Rattenlungen und von gesunden Rattenlungen gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten einen signifikant kleineren ADC innerhalb der Gruppe der erkrankten Tiere. Diese Dissertation wurde durch die Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG unterstützt.

Method development using ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS and their application in environmental and material science

Within this PhD thesis several methods were developed and validated which can find applicationare suitable for environmental sample and material science and should be applicable for monitoring of particular radionuclides and the analysis of the chemical composition of construction materials in the frame of ESS project. The study demonstrated that ICP-MS is a powerful analytical technique for ultrasensitive determination of 129I, 90Sr and lanthanides in both artificial and environmental samples such as water and soil. In particular ICP-MS with collision cell allows measuring extremely low isotope ratios of iodine. It was demonstrated that isotope ratios of 129I/127I as low as 10-7 can be measured with an accuracy and precision suitable for distinguishing sample origins. ICP-MS with collision cell, in particular in combination with cool plasma conditions, reduces the influence of isobaric interferences on m/z = 90 and is therefore well-suited for 90Sr analysis in water samples. However, the applied ICP-CC-QMS in this work is limited for the measurement of 90Sr due to the tailing of 88Sr+ and in particular Daly detector noise. Hyphenation of capillary electrophoresis with ICP-MS was shown to resolve atomic ions of all lanthanides and polyatomic interferences. The elimination of polyatomic and isobaric ICP-MS interferences was accomplished without compromising the sensitivity by the use of a high resolution mode as available on ICP-SFMS. Combination of laser ablation with ICP-MS allowed direct micro and local uranium isotope ratio measurements at the ultratrace concentrations on the surface of biological samples. In particular, the application of a cooled laser ablation chamber improves the precision and accuracy of uranium isotopic ratios measurements in comparison to the non-cooled laser ablation chamber by up to one order of magnitude. In order to reduce the quantification problem, a mono gas on-line solution-based calibration was built based on the insertion of a microflow nebulizer DS-5 directly into the laser ablation chamber. A micro local method to determine the lateral element distribution on NiCrAlY-based alloy and coating after oxidation in air was tested and validated. Calibration procedures involving external calibration, quantification by relative sensitivity coefficients (RSCs) and solution-based calibration were investigated. The analytical method was validated by comparison of the LA-ICP-MS results with data acquired by EDX.

Development of a system measuring adhesion forces in powder collectives

Fine powders commonly have poor flowability and dispersibility due to interparticle adhesion that leads to formation of agglomerates. Knowing about adhesion in particle collectives is indispensable to gain a deeper fundamental understanding of particle behavior in powders. Especially in pharmaceutical industry a control of adhesion forces in powders is mandatory to improve the performance of inhalation products. Typically the size of inhalable particles is in the range of 1 - 5 µm. In this thesis, a new method was developed to measure adhesion forces of particles as an alternative to the established colloidal probe and centrifuge technique, which are both experimentally demanding, time consuming and of limited practical applicability. The new method is based on detachment of individual particles from a surface due to their inertia. The required acceleration in the order of 500 000 g is provided by a Hopkinson bar shock excitation system and measured via laser vibrometry. Particle detachment events are detected on-line by optical video microscopy. Subsequent automated data evaluation allows obtaining a statistical distribution of particle adhesion forces. To validate the new method, adhesion forces for ensembles of single polystyrene and silica microspheres on a polystyrene coated steel surface were measured under ambient conditions. It was possible to investigate more than 150 individual particles in one experiment and obtain adhesion values of particles in a diameter range of 3 - 13 µm. This enables a statistical evaluation while measuring effort and time are considerably lower compared to the established techniques. Measured adhesion forces of smaller particles agreed well with values from colloidal probe measurements and theoretical predictions. However, for the larger particles a stronger increase of adhesion with diameter was observed. This discrepancy might be induced by surface roughness and heterogeneity that influence small and large particles differently. By measuring adhesion forces of corrugated dextran particles with sizes down to 2 µm it was demonstrated that the Hopkinson bar method can be used to characterize more complex sample systems as well. Thus, the new device will be applicable to study a broad variety of different particle-surface combinations on a routine basis, including strongly cohesive powders like pharmaceutical drugs for inhalation.