Tailoring molecule nanostructures on insulating surfaces investigated by non-contact atomic force microscopy

Self-assembled molecular structures were investigated on insulating substrate surfaces using non-contact atomic force microscopy. Both, substrate preparation and molecule deposition, took place under ultra-high vacuum conditions. First, C60 molecules were investigated on the TiO2 (110) surface. This surface exhibits parallel running troughs at the nanometer scale, which strongly steer the assembly of the molecules. This is in contrast to the second investigated surface. The CaF2 (111) surface is atomically flat and the molecular assemblyrnwas observed to be far less affected by the surface. Basically different island structures were observed to what is typically know. Based on extensive experimental studies and theoretical considerations, a comprehensive picture of the processes responsible for the island formation of C60 molecules on this insulating surfaces was developed. The key process for the emergence of the observed novel island structures was made out to be the dewetting of molecules from the substrate. This new knowledge allows to further understand andrnexploit self-assembly techniques in structure fabrication on insulating substrate surfaces. To alter island formation and island structure, C60 molecules were codeposited with second molecule species (PTCDI and SubPc) on the CaF2 (111) surface. Depending on the order of deposition, quiet different structures were observed to arise. Thus, these are the first steps towards more complex functional arrangements consisting of two molecule species on insulating surfaces.

Modulare Synthese von Sialyl-Lewis X-Mimetika als Selektin-Liganden

Zelladhäsions- und Zellerkennungsphänomene spielen eine entscheidende Rolle im biologischen Geschehen: So findet die Kommunikation zwischen Zellen zu einem großen Teil zwischen membranständigen Adhäsionsmolekülen und ebenfalls membranständigen Liganden auf Nachbarzellen statt. Zu diesen Adhäsionsmolekülen gehören die Selektine, die von fundamentaler Bedeutung für die Bekämpfung von Entzündungskrankheiten und damit für die Funktionsweise unseres Immunsystems sind. Tritt eine Entzündung in unserem Körper auf, so sind Selektine an Adhäsionsprozessen beteiligt, die zur Auswanderung von Leukozyten aus dem Blutstrom in das entzündete Gewebe führen. Diese auswandernden Zellen enthalten eine Vielzahl von Wirkstoffen, die Krankheitserreger bekämpfen, aber auch körpereigenes Gewebe angreifen können. Viele Krankheitsbilder, die mit akut oder chronisch entzündlichen Prozessen einhergehen, hängen mit einer Dysregulation der Selektine zusammen. In diesen Fällen werden übermäßig Selektine exprimiert und es kommt zu einer lokal überschießenden Akkumulation von Leukozyten, die zu Schädigungen von gesundem Gewebe führen kann. rnZu diesen Krankheiten gehören z.B. die rheumatoide Arthritis, die myocardialen Ischämie, Psoriasis sowie Asthma und Allergien. Auch bei der Abstoßung von Transplantaten und Tumormetastasierung wurde eine Beteiligung der Selektine nachgewiesen. Eine Strategie gegen diese unerwünschten Effekte ist die selektive Inhibierung der Selektine, welche aufgrund der bedeutenden Rolle der Selektine in der Genese zahlreicher Krankheiten, von großem pharmazeutischen Interesse ist. rnIn der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Entwicklung chemischer Synthesen von Verbindungen beschrieben, welche selektininhibierende Eigenschaften aufweisen sollen. Solche sog. Mimetika, die wie die natürlichen Liganden mit den Selektinen wechselwirken, sind nicht nur potenzielle Medikamente, sondern können auch durch veränderte Affinität zur Aufklärung von selektinvermittelten Zelladhäsionsprozessen dienen.rn

Process-based modelling of lichens and bryophytes and their role in global biogeochemical cycles

This thesis presents a process-based modelling approach to quantify carbon uptake by lichens and bryophytes at the global scale. Based on the modelled carbon uptake, potential global rates of nitrogen fixation, phosphorus uptake and chemical weathering by the organisms are estimated. In this way, the significance of lichens and bryophytes for global biogeochemical cycles can be assessed. The model uses gridded climate data and key properties of the habitat (e.g. disturbance intervals) to predict processes which control net carbon uptake, namely photosynthesis, respiration, water uptake and evaporation. It relies on equations used in many dynamical vegetation models, which are combined with concepts specific to lichens and bryophytes, such as poikilohydry or the effect of water content on CO2 diffusivity. To incorporate the great functional variation of lichens and bryophytes at the global scale, the model parameters are characterised by broad ranges of possible values instead of a single, globally uniform value. The predicted terrestrial net uptake of 0.34 to 3.3 Gt / yr of carbon and global patterns of productivity are in accordance with empirically-derived estimates. Based on the simulated estimates of net carbon uptake, further impacts of lichens and bryophytes on biogeochemical cycles are quantified at the global scale. Thereby the focus is on three processes, namely nitrogen fixation, phosphorus uptake and chemical weathering. The presented estimates have the form of potential rates, which means that the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus is quantified which is needed by the organisms to build up biomass, also accounting for resorption and leaching of nutrients. Subsequently, the potential phosphorus uptake on bare ground is used to estimate chemical weathering by the organisms, assuming that they release weathering agents to obtain phosphorus. The predicted requirement for nitrogen ranges from 3.5 to 34 Tg / yr and for phosphorus it ranges from 0.46 to 4.6 Tg / yr. Estimates of chemical weathering are between 0.058 and 1.1 km³ / yr of rock. These values seem to have a realistic order of magnitude and they support the notion that lichens and bryophytes have the potential to play an important role for global biogeochemical cycles.

Thermoelectric performance of p-type TiCoSb half-Heusler compounds - Intrinsic phase separation and charge carrier concentration optimization as key to high efficiency

The world's rising demand of energy turns the development of sustainable and more efficient technologies for energy production and storage into an inevitable task. Thermoelectric generators, composed of pairs of n-type and p-type semiconducting materials, di¬rectly transform waste heat into useful electricity. The efficiency of a thermoelectric mate¬rial depends on its electronic and lattice properties, summarized in its figure of merit ZT. Desirable are high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients, and low thermal con¬ductivity. Half-Heusler materials are very promising candidates for thermoelectric applications in the medium¬ temperature range such as in industrial and automotive waste heat recovery. The advantage of Heusler compounds are excellent electronic properties and high thermal and mechanical stability, as well as their low toxicity and elemental abundance. Thus, the main obstacle to further enhance their thermoelectric performance is their relatively high thermal conductivity.rn rnIn this work, the thermoelectric properties of the p-type material (Ti/Zr/Hf)CoSb1-xSnx were optimized in a multistep process. The concept of an intrinsic phase separation has recently become a focus of research in the compatible n-type (Ti/Zr/Hf)NiSn system to achieve low thermal conductivities and boost the TE performance. This concept is successfully transferred to the TiCoSb system. The phase separation approach can form a significant alternative to the previous nanostructuring approach via ball milling and hot pressing, saving pro¬cessing time, energy consumption and increasing the thermoelectric efficiency. A fundamental concept to tune the performance of thermoelectric materials is charge carrier concentration optimization. The optimum carrier concentration is reached with a substitution level for Sn of x = 0.15, enhancing the ZT about 40% compared to previous state-of-the-art samples with x = 0.2. The TE performance can be enhanced further by a fine-tuning of the Ti-to-Hf ratio. A correlation of the microstructure and the thermoelectric properties is observed and a record figure of merit ZT = 1.2 at 710°C was reached with the composition Ti0.25Hf0.75CoSb0.85Sn0.15.rnTowards application, the long term stability of the material under actual conditions of operation are an important issue. The impact of such a heat treatment on the structural and thermoelectric properties is investigated. Particularly, the best and most reliable performance is achieved in Ti0.5Hf0.5CoSb0.85Sn0.15, which reached a maximum ZT of 1.1 at 700°C. The intrinsic phase separation and resulting microstructure is stable even after 500 heating and cooling cycles.