Entwicklung neuer Biomarker zur Detektion von Umweltbelastung

Es wurde bis heute meist mit relativ aufwendigen Methoden nach dem Vorkommen von Strangbrüchen in der DNA gesucht. Die hier verwendete Fast-Micromethod steht jetzt neben mehreren bereits etablierten Methoden zur qualitativen und quantitativen Erfassung von DNA-Strangbrüchen zur Verfügung. Die Methode wurde zur schnellen und empfindlichen Messung von DNA-Schäden und deren Reparatur unter Verwendung von PicoGreen, einem spezifisch an DNA-Einzelstränge bindenden Fluoreszenzfarbstoff, durchgeführt. Die Methode wurde in der vorliegenden Arbeit für verschiedene Zellarten wie HeLa-Zellen und Schwamm-Zellen mit Schwermetallionen verwendet. Sie wurde ebenfalls bei verschiedenen Strangbruch-induzierenden Stoffen wie NQO und physikalischen Faktoren wie UV-Bestrahlung und Gammastrahlung erfolgreich eingesetzt. Die Strangbrüche wurden bei HeLa-Zellen mit 10 µM NQO nach 90 Minuten Inkubation und ebenso bei Gammastrahlung mit 16 Gy gemessen. An Schwammzellen wurden Effekte von Schwermetallionen und UV, auch einschließlich nachgeschalteter Reparaturaktivität, gemessen. Dabei war die Reparatur jedoch nicht ganz vollständig. Durch die Fast-Micromethod wurde DNA-Schädigung durch UV-Bestrahlung und Gentoxizität von Schwermetall-Ionen an HeLa-Zellen nachgewiesen. Die Schwammzellen wurden mit verschiedenen Schwermetall-Ionen in verschiedenen Konzentrationen getestet und mit UV bei verschiedenen Dosen bestrahlt. Teilweise wurde nach dem Einfluss die DNA-Reparatur erfasst. Schwammzellen wurden in den drei häufig verwendeten Medien CMFSW, CMFSW+EDTA und Seewasser aufgenommen. Im Seewasser waren die Zellen nach 60 Minuten Inkubationszeit aggregiert (Primmorphe). Im CMFSW+EDTA Medium lagen dagegen nur Einzellen vor, da die Zellen im EDTA-Medium dissoziiert wurden und auch nicht mehr proliferierten.

Effects of metal-induced oxidative stress on endothelial cells in vitro

Aseptic loosening of metal implants is mainly attributed to the formation of metal degradation products. These include particulate debris and corrosion products, such as metal ions (anodic half-reaction) and ROS (cathodic half-reaction). While numerous clinical studies describe various adverse effects of metal degradation products, detailed knowledge of metal-induced cellular reactions, which might be important for possible therapeutic intervention, is not comprehensive. Since endothelial cells are involved in inflammation and angiogenesis, two processes which are critical for wound healing and integration of metal implants, the effects of different metal alloys and their degradation products on these cells were investigated. Endothelial cells on Ti6Al4V alloy showed signs of oxidative stress, which was similar to the response of endothelial cells to cathodic partial reaction of corrosion induced directly on Ti6Al4V surfaces. Furthermore, oxidative stress on Ti6Al4V alloy reduced the pro-inflammatory stimulation of endothelial cells by TNF-α and LPS. Oxidative stress and other stress-related responses were observed in endothelial cells in contact with Co28Cr6Mo alloy. Importantly, these features could be reduced by coating Co28Cr6Mo with a TiO2 layer, thus favouring the use of such surface modification in the development of medical devices for orthopaedic surgery. The reaction of endothelial cells to Co28Cr6Mo alloy was partially similar to the effects exerted by Co2+, which is known to be released from metal implants. Co2+ also induced ROS formation and DNA damage in endothelial cells. This correlated with p53 and p21 up-regulation, indicating the possibility of cell cycle arrest. Since CoCl2 is used as an hypoxia-mimicking agent, HIF-1α-dependence of cellular responses to Co2+ was studied in comparison to anoxia-induced effects. Although important HIF-1α-dependent genes were identified, a more detailed analysis of microarray data will be required to provide additional information about the mechanisms of Co2+ action. All these reactions of endothelial cells to metal degradation products might play their role in the complex processes taking place in the body following metal device implantation. In the worst case this can lead to aseptic loosening of the implant and requirement for revision surgery. Knowledge of molecular mechanisms of metal-induced responses will hopefully provide the possibility to interfere with undesirable processes at the implant/tissue interface, thus extending the life-time of the implant and the overall success of metal implant applications.

Using sulfur isotope fractionation to understand the atmospheric oxidation of SO 2

Sulfate aerosol plays an important but uncertain role in cloud formation and radiative forcing of the climate, and is also important for acid deposition and human health. The oxidation of SO2 to sulfate is a key reaction in determining the impact of sulfate in the environment through its effect on aerosol size distribution and composition. This thesis presents a laboratory investigation of sulfur isotope fractionation during SO2 oxidation by the most important gas-phase and heterogeneous pathways occurring in the atmosphere. The fractionation factors are then used to examine the role of sulfate formation in cloud processing of aerosol particles during the HCCT campaign in Thuringia, central Germany. The fractionation factor for the oxidation of SO2 by ·OH radicals was measured by reacting SO2 gas, with a known initial isotopic composition, with ·OH radicals generated from the photolysis of water at -25, 0, 19 and 40°C (Chapter 2). The product sulfate and the residual SO2 were collected as BaSO4 and the sulfur isotopic compositions measured with the Cameca NanoSIMS 50. The measured fractionation factor for 34S/32S during gas phase oxidation is αOH = (1.0089 ± 0.0007) − ((4 ± 5) × 10−5 )T (°C). Fractionation during oxidation by major aqueous pathways was measured by bubbling the SO2 gas through a solution of H2 O2