Differenzierung von Reviergesängen und mitochondrialem Cytochrom-b in drei ausgewählten Singvogelgattungen (Aves, Passeriformes: Genus Regulus, Genus Seicercus und Parus major)

ZusammenfassungLautäußerungen von Singvögeln (Passeriformes) werden gemeinhin als Träger phylogenetischer Information betrachtet, obwohl direkte Nachweise in vergleichend bioakustischen Studien rar sind. Dieser Thematik widmet sich meine Dissertation am Beispiel dreier Singvogelgruppen: Goldhähnchen (Regulus), Goldbrillenlaubsänger (Seicercus) sowie verwandter Laubsänger (Phylloscopus) und Kohlmeisen (Parus major). Neben der Erhebung bioakustischer Daten wurde für jede Gruppe eine molekulare Phylogenie basierend auf Cytochrom-b-Sequenzen erstellt und für verschiedene akustische Merkmale Homoplasie-indizes berechnet (CI, RI und RC). Die phylogenetisch informativen Gesangsstrukturen innerhalb der Gattungen Regulus und Seicercus/ Phylloscopus sind sämtlich Syntaxmerkmale, zumeist der Gesamtstrophe, seltener von Strophenabschnitten. Bei den Goldhähnchen (Regulus) sind solche Syntaxmerkmale angeboren, Elementmerkmale hingegen sind erlernt und phylogenetisch nicht informativ. Die innerhalb der Kohlmeisen homogene Gesangssyntax ist erst auf höherer taxonomischer Ebene (Gattung Parus) ein informatives Merkmal. Der mittels einer Merkmalsmatrix berechnete akustische Divergenzindex zwischen Taxonpaaren steigt signifikant proportional zur genetischen Distanz. Damit ist erstmalig der Zusammenhang zwischen genetischer und akustischer Differenzierung quantifiziert. Die molekulare Phylogenie erhellt zudem bislang ungeklärte phylogenetische Beziehungen innerhalb aller drei Taxa. Diese werden im Hinblick auf das phylogenetische und das biologische Artkonzept diskutiert. Der Artstatus des Teneriffa-Goldhähnchens (Regulus teneriffae) sowie der bokharensis-Kohlmeisen ist fragwürdig aufgrund ihrer engen Verwandtschaft zu zu einzelnen Subspezies der Wintergoldhähnchen bzw. der Kohlmeisen.

(De)colonization through topophilia: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’s life and work in Florida

(De)colonization Through Topophilia: Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings’s Life and Work in Florida attempts to reveal the author’s intimate connection to and mental growth through her place, namely the Cross Creek environs, and its subsequent effect on her writing. In 1928, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings and her first husband Charles Rawlings came to Cross Creek, Florida. They bought the shabby farmhouse on Cross Creek Road, trying to be both, writers and farmers. However, while Charles Rawlings was unable to write in the backwoods of the Florida Interior, Rawlings found her literary voice and entered a symbiotic, reciprocal relationship with the natural world of the Cracker frontier. Her biographical preconditions – a childhood spent in the rural area of Rock Creek, outside of Washington D. C. - and a father who had instilled in her a sense of place or topophilia, enabled her to overcome severe marriage tensions and the hostile climate women writers faced during the Depression era. Nature as a helping ally and as an “undomesticated”(1) space/place is a recurrent motif throughout most of Rawlings’s Florida literature. At a time when writing the American landscape/documentary and the extraction of the self from texts was the prevalent literary genre, Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings inscribed herself into her texts. However, she knew that the American public was not yet ready for a ‘feminist revolt’, but was receptive of the longtime ‘inaudible’ voices from America’s regions, especially with regard to urban poverty and a homeward yearning during the Depression years. Fusing with the dynamic eco-consciousness of her Cracker friends and neighbors, Rawlings wrote in the literary category of regionalism enabling her to pursue three of her major aims: an individuated self, a self that assimilated with the ‘master narratives’ of her time and the recognition of the Florida Cracker and Scrub region. The first part of this dissertation briefly introduces the largely unknown and underestimated writer Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings, providing background information on her younger years, the relationship toward her family and other influential persons in her life. Furthermore, it takes a closer look at the literary category of regionalism and Rawlings’s use of ‘place’ in her writings. The second part is concerned with the ‘region’ itself, the state of Florida. It focuses on the natural peculiarities of the state’s Interior, the scrub and hammock land around her Cracker hamlet as well as the unique culture of the Florida Cracker. Part IV is concerned with the analysis of her four Florida books. The author is still widely related to the ever-popular novel The Yearling (1938). South Moon Under (1933) and Golden Apples (1935), her first two novels, have not been frequently republished and have subsequently fallen into oblivion. Cross Creek (1942), Rawlings’s last Florida book, however, has recently gained renewed popularity through its use in classes on nature writers and the non-fiction essay but it requires and is here re-evaluated as the author’s (relational) autobiography. The analysis through place is brought to completion in this work and seems to intentionally close the circle of Rawlings’s Florida writings. It exemplifies once more that detachment from place is impossible for Rawlings and that the intermingling of life and place in literature, is essential for the (re)creation of her identity. Cross Creek is therefore not only one of Rawlings’s greatest achievements; it is more importantly the key to understanding the author’s self and her fiction. Through the ‘natural’ interrelationship of place and self and by looking “mutually outward and inward,”(2) Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings finds her literary voice, a home and ‘a room of her own’ in which to write and come to consciousness. Her Florida literature is not only product but also medium and process in her assessment of her identity and self. _____________ (1) Alaimo, Stacy. Undomesticated Ground: Recasting Nature as Feminist Space (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2000) 23. (2) Libby, Brooke. “Nature Writing as Refuge: Autobiography in the Natural World” Reading Under the Sign of Nature. New Essays in Ecocriticism. Ed. John Tallmadge and Henry Harrington. (Salt Lake City: The U of Utah P, 2000) 200.

Measurement of the oscillation frequency of B s mesons in the hadronic decay mode B s pi D s (phi pi) X with the D0 detector at the Fermilab Tevatron collider

The standard model (SM) of particle physics is a theory, describing three out of four fundamental forces. In this model the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) matrix describes the transformation between the mass and weak eigenstates of quarks. The matrix properties can be visualized as triangles in the complex plane. A precise measurement of all triangle parameters can be used to verify the validity of the SM. The least precisely measured parameter of the triangle is related to the CKM element |Vtd|, accessible through the mixing frequency (oscillation) of neutral B mesons, where mixing is the transition of a neutral meson into its anti-particle and vice versa. It is possible to calculate the CKM element |Vtd| and a related element |Vts| by measuring the mass differences Dmd (Dms ) between neutral Bd and bar{Bd} (Bs and bar{Bs}) meson mass eigenstates. This measurement is accomplished by tagging the initial and final state of decaying B mesons and determining their lifetime. Currently the Fermilab Tevatron Collider (providing pbar{p} collisions at sqrt{s}=1.96 TeV) is the only place, where Bs oscillations can be studied. The first selection of the "golden", fully hadronic decay mode Bs->Ds pi(phi pi)X at DØ is presented in this thesis. All data, taken between April 2002 and August 2007 with the DØ detector, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of int{L}dt=2.8/fb is used. The oscillation frequency Dms and the ratio |Vtd|/|Vts| are determined as Dms = (16.6 +0.5-0.4(stat) +0.4-0.3(sys)) 1/ps, |Vtd|/|Vts| = 0.213 +0.004-0.003(exp)pm 0.008(theor). These results are consistent with the standard model expectations and no evidence for new physics is observable.

Optimierung von Transformationsprotokollen und Entwicklung von SSR-Markern für das Kolumnarwachstum beim Apfel

Ziel war es, molekularbiologische Untersuchungen zum Kolumnarwachstum des Apfels durchzuführen. Anhand Sequenzdaten des ‘Golden Delicious’ Genoms (Velasco et al. 2010) wurden drei neue SSR Marker entwickelt. Sie konnten bei untersuchten Geisenheimer Nachkommenschaften zuverlässig den Kolumnarwuchs auf DNA-Ebene detektieren. Zusätzlich wurden von Bai et al. (2012) veröffentlichte Marker untersucht. Die von Bai et al. (2012) gefundenen Grenzen des co-Lokus konnten in dieser Arbeit anhand der Geisenheimer Nachkommenschaften nicht bestätigt werden. Die „linke“ Begrenzung der co-Region wird nach Untersuchungen dieser Arbeit am ehesten von dem Marker Mdo.chr10.11 (Moriya et al. 2012) bei 18,757 Mbp definiert. Die „rechte“ Begrenzung der co-Region wird vermutlich von den Markern Co04R13 (Baldi et al. 2012) und C1753-3520 (Bai et al. 2012) bei 18,905 Mbp definiert, wodurch die potentielle co-Region auf 148 kb auf Chromosom 10 eingegrenzt werden könnte. Für Funktionsanalysen möglicher Kandidatengene des co-Gens wurde ein Agrobakterien-vermitteltes Transformationssystem für die Geisenheimer Apfelselektionen ‘A 14’ und ‘Procats 28’ adaptiert. Zusätzlich wurde der bereits in der Literatur als transformierbar beschriebene Genotyp ‘Jonagold’ (Viss et al. 2003) transformiert. Bei Transformationen der Apfelselektion ‘A 14’ gelang es, transgene Zellen an den Explantaten, am Kallusgewebe und an den Regeneraten zu erzeugen. Bei Transformationen von ‘Jonagold’ wurde ein fast vollständig transgenes Regenerat erzeugt.