Development and application of a GC system for NMHC analyses of air samples from the CARIBIC aircraft project

The subject of this thesis is the development of a Gaschromatography (GC) system for non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHCs) and measurement of samples within the project CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container, www.caribic-atmospheric.com). Air samples collected at cruising altitude from the upper troposphere and lowermost stratosphere contain hydrocarbons at low levels (ppt range), which imposes substantial demands on detection limits. Full automation enabled to maintain constant conditions during the sample processing and analyses. Additionally, automation allows overnight operation thus saving time. A gas chromatography using flame ionization detection (FID) together with the dual column approach enables simultaneous detection with almost equal carbon atom response for all hydrocarbons except for ethyne. The first part of this thesis presents the technical descriptions of individual parts of the analytical system. Apart from the sample treatment and calibration procedures, the sample collector is described. The second part deals with analytical performance of the GC system by discussing tests that had been made. Finally, results for measurement flight are assessed in terms of quality of the data and two flights are discussed in detail. Analytical performance is characterized using detection limits for each compound, using uncertainties for each compound, using tests of calibration mixture conditioning and carbon dioxide trap to find out their influence on analyses, and finally by comparing the responses of calibrated substances during period when analyses of the flights were made. Comparison of both systems shows good agreement. However, because of insufficient capacity of the CO2 trap the signal of one column was suppressed due to breakthroughed carbon dioxide so much that its results appeared to be unreliable. Plausibility tests for the internal consistency of the given data sets are based on common patterns exhibited by tropospheric NMHCs. All tests show that samples from the first flights do not comply with the expected pattern. Additionally, detected alkene artefacts suggest potential problems with storing or contamination within all measurement flights. Two last flights # 130-133 and # 166-169 comply with the tests therefore their detailed analysis is made. Samples were analyzed in terms of their origin (troposphere vs. stratosphere, backward trajectories), their aging (NMHCs ratios) and detected plumes were compared to chemical signatures of Asian outflows. In the last chapter a future development of the presented system with focus on separation is drawn. An extensive appendix documents all important aspects of the dissertation from theoretical introduction through illustration of sample treatment to overview diagrams for the measured flights.

Supernova-Detektion mit dem IceCube-Neutrinoteleskop

IceCube, ein Neutrinoteleskop, welches zur Zeit am Südpol aufgebaut und voraussichtlich 2011 fertiggestellt sein wird, kann galaktische Kernkollaps-Supernovae mit hoher Signifikanz und unübertroffener statistischer Genauigkeit der Neutrinolichtkurve detektieren. Derartige Supernovae werden begleitet von einem massiven Ausbruch niederenergetischer Neutrinos aller Flavour. Beim Durchfliegen des Detektormediums Eis entstehen Positronen und Elektronen, welche wiederum lokale Tscherenkowlichtschauer produzieren, die in ihrer Summe das gesamte Eis erleuchten. Ein Nachweis ist somit, trotz der Optimierung IceCubes auf hochenergetische Teilchenspuren, über eine kollektive Rauschratenerhöhung aller optischen Module möglich. Die vorwiegende Reaktion ist der inverse Betazerfall der Antielektronneutrinos, welcher über 90,% des gesamten Signals ausmacht.rnrnDiese Arbeit beschreibt die Implementierung und Funktionsweise der Supernova-Datennahme-Software sowie der Echtzeitanalyse, mit welcher die oben genannte Nachweismethode seit August 2007 realisiert ist. Die Messdaten der ersten zwei Jahre wurden ausgewertet und belegen ein extrem stabiles Verhalten des Detektors insgesamt sowie fast aller Lichtsensoren, die eine gemittelte Ausfallquote von lediglich 0,3,% aufweisen. Eine Simulation der Detektorantwort nach zwei unterschiedlichen Supernova-Modellen ergibt eine Sichtweite IceCubes, die im besten Falle bis zur 51,kpc entfernten Großen Magellanschen Wolke reicht. Leider ist der Detektor nicht in der Lage, die Deleptonisierungsspitze aufzulösen, denn Oszillationen der Neutrinoflavour innerhalb des Sterns modifizieren die Neutrinospektren ungünstig. Jedoch können modellunabhängig anhand des frühesten Signalanstiegs die inverse Massenhierarchie sowie $sin^2 2theta_{13} > 10^{-3}$ etabliert werden, falls die Entfernung zur Supernova $leq$,6,kpc beträgt. Gleiches kann durch Auswertung eines möglichen Einflusses der Erdmaterie auf die Neutrinooszillation mit Hilfe der Messung eines zweiten Neutrinodetektors erreicht werden.

Airborne in situ measurements of ice particles in the tropical tropopause layer

Ice clouds have a strong effect on the Earth-atmosphere radiative energy balance, on the distribution of condensable gases in the atmosphere, as well as on the chemical composition of the air. The ice particles in these clouds can take on a variety of shapes which makes the description of the cloud microphysical properties more difficult. In the tropical upper troposphere/lower stratosphere (UTLS), a region where ice cloud abundance is relatively high, different types of ice clouds can be observed. However, in situ measurements are rare due to the high altitude of these clouds and the few available research aircraft, only three worldwide, that can fly at such altitudes.rnThis work focuses on in situ measurements of the tropical UTLS clouds performedrnwith a Cloud Imaging Probe (CIP) and a Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probern(FSSP-100), whereof the CIP is the key instrument of this thesis. The CIP is anrnairborne in situ instrument that obtains two-dimensional shadow images of cloud particles. Several cloud microphysical parameters can be derived from these measurements, e.g. number concentrations and size distributions. In order to obtain a high quality data set, a careful image analysis and several corrections need to be applied to the CIP observations. These methods are described in detail.rnMeasurements within the tropical UTLS have been performed during two campaigns:rnSCOUT-O3, 2005 in Northern Australia and SCOUT-AMMA, 2006 inWest Africa. Thernobtained data set includes first observations of subvisible cirrus clouds over a continental area and observations of the anvils of deep convective clouds. The latter can be further divided into clouds in mesoscale convective system outflows of different ages and clouds in overshooting cloud turrets that even penetrated the stratosphere. The microphysical properties of these three cloud types are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the vertical structure of the ice clouds in the UTLS is investigated. The values of the microphysical parameters were found to decrease with increasing altitude in the upper troposphere. Particle numbers and maximum sizes were also decreasing with increasing age of the outflow clouds. Further differences between the deep convective clouds and subvisible cirrus were found in the particle morphology as well as in the ratio of the observed aerosol particles to cloud particles which indicates that the different freezing processes (deposition, contact, immersion freezing) play different roles in the formation of the respective clouds. For the achievementrnof a better microphysical characterisation and description numerical fits have been adjusted onto the cloud particle size distributions of the subvisible cirrus as well as on the size distributions of the clouds at different altitudes in the UTLS.

Suche nach Dunkler Materie in Galaxien und Galaxienhaufen mit dem Neutrinoteleskop IceCube

Trotz zahlreicher Hinweise auf die Existenz von Dunkler Materie, konnten entsprechende Teilchen bisher nicht nachgewiesen werden. Eine große Anzahl an Experimenten wird durchgeführt, um die Eigenschaften möglicher Kandidatenteilchen zu untersuchen. Eine Strategie ist die Suche nach einem Neutrinosignal aus den Annihilationen von schwach wechselwirkenden massiven Teilchen (WIMPs) in Regionen mit hoher Dichte von Dunkler Materie. Mögliche Zielobjekte dieser Suchen sind die Erde, die Sonne, das Zentrum und der Halo der Milchstraße sowie entfernte Objekte, die einen hohen Anteil Dunkler Materie aufweisen.In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird die erste Suche nach einem Neutrinosignal von Zwerggalaxien, größeren Galaxien und Galaxienhaufen beschrieben. Da kein Signal nachgewiesen wurde, konnten obere Grenzen auf den Annihilationsquerschnitt von WIMPs gesetzt werden. Die stärksten Grenzen wurden aus der Beobachtung des Virgo-Haufens unter der Annahme einer großen Signalverstärkung durch Unterstrukturen in der Dichteverteilung abgeleitet. Für WIMP-Massen oberhalb von einigen TeV ist das Ergebnis vergleichbar mit Grenzen, die aus der Suche mit Gammateleskopen abgeleitet wurden. Für den direkten Annihilationskanal in zwei Neutrinos konnte der Wirkungsquerschnitt stärker eingeschränkt werden, als in bisherigen Analysen.

Stacked searches for high-energy neutrinos from blazars with IceCube

In the year 2013, the detection of a diffuse astrophysical neutrino flux with the IceCube neutrino telescope – constructed at the geographic South Pole – was announced by the IceCube collaboration. However, the origin of these neutrinos is still unknown as no sources have been identified to this day. Promising neutrino source candidates are blazars, which are a subclass of active galactic nuclei with radio jets pointing towards the Earth. In this thesis, the neutrino flux from blazars is tested with a maximum likelihood stacking approach, analyzing the combined emission from uniform groups of objects. The stacking enhances the sensitivity w.r.t. the still unsuccessful single source searches. The analysis utilizes four years of IceCube data including one year from the completed detector. As all results presented in this work are compatible with background, upper limits on the neutrino flux are given. It is shown that, under certain conditions, some hadronic blazar models can be challenged or even rejected. Moreover, the sensitivity of this analysis – and any other future IceCube point source search – was enhanced by the development of a new angular reconstruction method. It is based on a detailed simulation of the photon propagation in the Antarctic ice. The median resolution for muon tracks, induced by high-energy neutrinos, is improved for all neutrino energies above IceCube’s lower threshold at 0.1TeV. By reprocessing the detector data and simulation from the year 2010, it is shown that the new method improves IceCube’s discovery potential by 20% to 30% depending on the declination.