2 resultados para FRESH-WATER FISHES

em ArchiMeD - Elektronische Publikationen der Universität Mainz - Alemanha


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Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit ist es gelungen, ein GC/ICP-MSIVA-Verfahren zur zuverlässigen und richtigen Bestimmung von Methylquecksilbergehalten (MeHg+) in aquatischen Systemen zu entwickeln. Unter Verwendung eines hergestellten Me201Hg+-Indikators konnte bei der Überprüfung der weltweit gängigen Probenaufbereitung mittels NaBEt4 zur Überführung von MeHg+ in MeEtHg gezeigt werden, daß während dieser Probenaufbereitung in Gegenwart von Halogeniden eine MeHg+-Speziesumwandlung zu Hg0 stattfinden kann. Es konnte mit Hilfe von Modellösungen erstmalig eindeutig nachgewiesen werden, daß die MeHg+-Speziesumwandlungen ihre Ursache nur im Zusammenwirken von vorliegenden Halogeniden mit dem verwendeten Derivatisierungsreagenz NaBEt4 haben. Ebenso wie in Modellösungen wurden auch MeHg+-Speziesumwandlungen in Realproben bei der Derivatisierung mit NaBEt4 überprüft. Die Proben, die bei der Derivatisierung mit NaBEt4 eine MeHg+-Umwandlung zeigten, wurden auch mit dem weltweit bisher wenig eingesetzten Reagenz NaBPr4 derivatisiert. Hier konnte bei keiner der Untersuchungen eine MeHg+-Umwandlung festgestellt werden. Des weiteren wurden MeHg+-Gehalte in Süßwasserproben unter Verwendung von NaBEt4 und NaBPr4 bestimmt. Die Ergebnisse hinsichtlich beider Derivatisierungsreagenzien stimmten sehr gut überein. Diese Resultate zeigten eindrucksvoll, daß Substanzverluste durch die Speziesumwandlung bei MeHg+-Bestimmungen mit MSIVA keine Rolle spielen, da die Umwandlung erst nach der Isotopenvermischung einsetzte. Mit dem entwickelten GC/ICP-MSIVA-Verfahrens wurde der MeHg+-Gehalt im Referenzmaterial CRM 463 analysiert, der sehr gut mit dem zertifizierten Wert übereinstimmte.

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A one-dimensional multi-component reactive fluid transport algorithm, 1DREACT (Steefel, 1993) was used to investigate different fluid-rock interaction systems. A major short coming of mass transport calculations which include mineral reactions is that solid solutions occurring in many minerals are not treated adequately. Since many thermodynamic models of solid solutions are highly non-linear, this can seriously impact on the stability and efficiency of the solution algorithms used. Phase petrology community saw itself faced with a similar predicament 10 years ago. To improve performance and reliability, phase equilibrium calculations have been using pseudo compounds. The same approach is used here in the first, using the complex plagioclase solid solution as an example. Thermodynamic properties of a varying number of intermediate plagioclase phases were calculated using ideal molecular, Al-avoidance, and non-ideal mixing models. These different mixing models can easily be incorporated into the simulations without modification of the transport code. Simulation results show that as few as nine intermediate compositions are sufficient to characterize the diffusional profile between albite and anorthite. Hence this approach is very efficient, and can be used with little effort. A subsequent chapter reports the results of reactive fluid transport modeling designed to constrain the hydrothermal alteration of Paleoproterozoic sediments of the Southern Lake Superior region. Field observations reveal that quartz-pyrophyllite (or kaolinite) bearing assemblages have been transformed into muscovite-pyrophyllite-diaspore bearing assemblages due to action of fluids migrating along permeable flow channels. Fluid-rock interaction modeling with an initial qtz-prl assemblage and a K-rich fluid simulates the formation of observed mineralogical transformation. The bulk composition of the system evolves from an SiO2-rich one to an Al2O3+K2O-rich one. Simulations show that the fluid flow was up-temperature (e.g. recharge) and that fluid was K-rich. Pseudo compound approach to include solid solutions in reactive transport models was tested in modeling hydrothermal alteration of Icelandic basalts. Solid solutions of chlorites, amphiboles and plagioclase were included as the secondary mineral phases. Saline and fresh water compositions of geothermal fluids were used to investigate the effect of salinity on alteration. Fluid-rock interaction simulations produce the observed mineral transformations. They show that roughly the same alteration minerals are formed due to reactions with both types of fluid which is in agreement with the field observations. A final application is directed towards the remediation of nitrate rich groundwaters. Removal of excess nitrate from groundwater by pyrite oxidation was modeled using the reactive fluid transport algorithm. Model results show that, when a pyrite-bearing, permeable zone is placed in the flow path, nitrate concentration in infiltrating water can be significantly lowered, in agreement with proposals from the literature. This is due to nitrogen reduction. Several simulations investigate the efficiency of systems with different mineral reactive surface areas, reactive barrier zone widths, and flow rates to identify the optimum setup.