Volumenpackungen nach SAE J1100

We present new algorithms to approximate the discrete volume of a polyhedral geometry using boxes defined by the US standard SAE J1100. This problem is NP-hard and has its main application in the car design process. The algorithms produce maximum weighted independent sets on a so-called conflict graph for a discretisation of the geometry. We present a framework to eliminate a large portion of the vertices of a graph without affecting the quality of the optimal solution. Using this framework we are also able to define the conflict graph without the use of a discretisation. For the solution of the maximum weighted independent set problem we designed an enumeration scheme which uses the restrictions of the SAE J1100 standard for an efficient upper bound computation. We evaluate the packing algorithms according to the solution quality compared to manually derived results. Finally, we compare our enumeration scheme to several other exact algorithms in terms of their runtime. Grid-based packings either tend to be not tight or have intersections between boxes. We therefore present an algorithm which can compute box packings with arbitrary placements and fixed orientations. In this algorithm we make use of approximate Minkowski Sums, computed by uniting many axis-oriented equal boxes. We developed an algorithm which computes the union of equal axis-oriented boxes efficiently. This algorithm also maintains the Minkowski Sums throughout the packing process. We also extend these algorithms for packing arbitrary objects in fixed orientations.

Zum Stand der aktuellen Diskussion des globalen Klimawandels : Versuch einer kritischen Wertung seiner Ursachen und Folgen sowie von Handlungsweisen im Licht von Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit

Mittels gründlicher Literaturrecherchen wurde dokumentiert, wie Wissenschaft, Medien, Wirtschaft und Staatsregierungen den globalen Klimawandel seit der Industriellen Revolution bewertet haben. Dabei wurde der breite wissenschaftliche Konsens über die ausschlaggebende Rolle des Treibhauseffektes dokumentiert. Kontrovers dazu wurden aber auch anderslautende Meinungen über „natürliche Faktoren“ im Klimasystem aufgezeigt. Bedenken des Verfassers bestehen zur Praktikabilität des Kyoto-Protokolls und zur politischen Anwendbarkeit der IPCC-Berichte, die in der Gefahr stehen, durch ihre nicht ableitbaren Wahrscheinlichkeitsaussagen eine wissenschaftliche Neutralität vermissen zu lassen. Im Blick auf die Klimaschutzpolitik kann Deutschland in der Welt als Vorreiter mit Einschränkungen angesehen werden. Die anwendungsbezogene Klimaforschung wird in Deutschland gefördert, in den USA dagegen die Grundlagenforschung, was mit der Herkunft der Klimaskeptiker einhergeht, die vorwiegend aus dem angloamerikanischen Kulturkreis stammen und kaum aus Deutschland kommen. Dies spiegelt sich als roter Faden in den Forschungsergebnissen verschiedener Medienwissenschaftler wider, wonach die US-Medien im Gegensatz zu deutschen um eine Balance zwischen anthropogenen und natürlichen Ursachen des Klimawandels bemüht sind. Ein in den USA medial präsentierter scheinbarer Dissens der Klimaforschung findet sich als Abbild in heterogenen klimaschutzpolitischen Ausrichtungen der USA auf föderaler und bundesstaatlicher Ebene wieder, wohingegen sich in Deutschland der wissenschaftliche Konsens und die mediale Berichterstattung in einer homogenen Klimaschutzpolitik niederschlagen.

Structural characterization of intermediate and metastable phases by electron microscopy

Structure characterization of nanocrystalline intermediates and metastable phases is of primary importance for a deep understanding of synthetic processes undergoing solid-to-solid state phase transitions. Understanding the evolution from the first nucleation stage to the final synthetic product supports not only the optimization of existing processes, but might assist in tailoring new synthetic paths. A systematic investigation of intermediates and metastable phases is hampered because it is impossible to produce large crystals and only in few cases a pure synthetic product can be obtained. Structure investigation by X-ray powder diffraction methods is still challenging on nanoscale, especially when the sample is polyphasic. Electron diffraction has the advantage to collect data from single nanoscopic crystals, but is limited by data incompleteness, dynamical effects and fast deterioration of the sample under the electron beam. Automated diffraction tomography (ADT), a recently developed technique, making possible to collect more complete three-dimensional electron diffraction data and to reduce at the same time dynamical scattering and beam damage, thus allowing to investigate even beam sensitive materials (f.e. hydrated phases and organics). At present, ADT is the only technique able to deliver complete three-dimensional structural information from single nanoscopic grains, independently from other surrounding phases. Thus, ADT is an ideal technique for the study of on-going processes where different phases exist at the same time and undergo several structural transitions. In this study ADT was used as the main technique for structural characterization for three different systems and combined subsequently with other techniques, among which high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), cryo-TEM imaging, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).rnAs possible laser host materials, i.e. materials with a broad band emission in the near-infrared region, two unknown phases were investigated in the ternary oxide system M2O-Al2O3-WO3 (M = K, Na). Both phases exhibit low purity as well as non-homogeneous size distribution and particle morphology. The structures solved by ADT are also affected by pseudo-symmetry. rnSodium titanate nanotubes and nanowires are both intermediate products in the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods which are used as additives to colloidal TiO2 film for improving efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The structural transition from nantubes to nanowires was investigated in a step by step time-resolved study. Nanowires were discovered to consist of a hitherto unknown phase of sodium titanate. This new phase, typically affected by pervasive defects like mutual layer shift, was structurally determined ab-initio on the basis of ADT data. rnThe third system is related with calcium carbonate nucleation and early crystallization. The first part of this study is dedicated to the extensive investigations of calcium carbonate formation in a step by step analysis, up to the appearance of crystalline individua. The second part is dedicated to the structure determination by ADT of the first-to-form anhydrated phase of CaCO3: vaterite. An exhaustive structure analysis of vaterite had previously been hampered by diffuse scattering, extra periodicities and fast deterioration of the material under electron irradiation. rn