The oxygen sensors FNR from Escherichia coli and NreABC from Staphylococcus carnosus

Im Laufe der Evolution entwickelte sich eine Reihe von Sauerstoff-Sensorsystemen in Bakterien, um die Genexpression der Sauerstoffverfügbarkeit anzupassen. Der Sauerstoffsensor FNR aus Escherichia coli bindet unter anaeroben Bedingungen ein [4Fe4S]2+ Zentrum. Unter Sauerstoffeinfluß zerfällt aktives [4Fe4S]2+FNR zu inaktivem [2Fe2S]2+FNR und weiter zu ebenfalls inaktivem apoFNR. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde der Zustand von FNR in vivo in aeroben und anaeroben Zellen von Escherichia coli aufgeklärt. Durch Alkylierung der Cysteine in FNR und anschließender Analyse im Massenspektrometer konnte gezeigt werden, das FNR in aeroben Zellen hauptsächlich in der apo-Form vorliegt. Nach ca. 6 Minuten war in lebenden E. coli Zellen die Umwandlung von [4Fe4S]2+ FNR zu apoFNR abgeschlossen.rnrnIn dem gram positiven Bakterium Staphylococcus carnosus aktiviert das NreBC System unter anaeroben Wachstumsbedingungen die Gene der Nitratatmung. NreB ist eine cytoplasmatische Sensorhistidinkinase, die ein sauerstofflabiles [4Fe4S]2+ Zentrum über eine PAS-Domäne bindet. Das [4Fe4S]2+ Zentrum wird von vier Cysteinen gebunden. Der Responsregulator NreC steuert nach Aktivierung durch NreB die Transkription der Zielgene. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde NreB mit Hilfe von Cysteinmarkierungen in vivo charakterisiert. Durch die Änderung der Cystein-Zugänglichkeit für Thiolreagenzien nach Sauerstoffzugabe konnte eine Halbwertszeit von ca. 3 Minuten für das [4Fe4S]2+ Zentrum in vivo bestimmt werden. In anaeroben Bakterien stellt [4Fe4S]2+NreB die Hauptform von NreB dar, während in aeroben Bakterien hauptsächlich apoNreB vorkommt. Dieses Ergebnis konnte durch Massenspektroskopie bestätigt werden. Weiterhin konnte gezeigt werden das NreA mit NreB und NreC wechselwirkt und Bestandteil des NreABC Drei-Komponentensystems ist. rn

The NreABC system of Staphylococcus carnosus combines nitrate and oxygen sensing by an NreA,NreB sensor complex

Staphylococcus carnosus is a facultative anaerobic bacterium which features the cytoplasmic NreABC system. It is necessary for regulation of nitrate respiration and the nitrate reductase gene narG in response to oxygen and nitrate availability. NreB is a sensor kinase of a two-component system and represents the oxygen sensor of the system. It binds an oxygen labile [4Fe-4S]2+ cluster under anaerobic conditions. NreB autophosphorylates and phosphoryl transfer activates the response regulator NreC which induces narG expression. The third component of the Nre system is the nitrate receptor NreA. In this study the role of the nitrate receptor protein NreA in nitrate regulation and its functional and physiological effect on oxygen regulation and interaction with the NreBC two-component system were detected. In vivo, a reporter gene assay for measuring expression of the NreABC regulated nitrate reductase gene narG was used for quantitative evaluation of NreA function. Maximal narG expression in wild type S. carnosus required anaerobic conditions and the presence of nitrate. Deletion of nreA allowed expression of narG under aerobic conditions, and under anaerobic conditions nitrate was no longer required for maximal induction. This indicates that NreA is a nitrate regulated inhibitor of narG expression. Purified NreA and variant NreA(Y95A) inhibited the autophosphorylation of anaerobic NreB in part and completely, respectively. Neither NreA nor NreA(Y95A) stimulated dephosphorylation of NreB-phosphate, however. Inhibition of phosphorylation was relieved completely when NreA with bound nitrate (NreA•[NO3-]) was used. The same effects of NreA were monitored with aerobically isolated Fe-S-less NreB, which indicates that NreA does not have an influence on the iron-sulfur cluster of NreB. In summary, the data of this study show that NreA interacts with the oxygen sensor NreB and controls its phosphorylation level in a nitrate dependent manner. This modulation of NreB-function by NreA and nitrate results in nitrate/oxygen co-sensing by an NreA/NreB sensory unit. It transmits the regulatory signal from oxygen and nitrate in a joint signal to target promoters. Therefore, nitrate and oxygen regulation of nitrate dissimilation follows a new mode of regulation not present in other facultative anaerobic bacteria.

Anaerobic pathways in the Porifera: Strombine dehydrogenase, an opine dehydrogenase, from the sponge Suberites domuncula

The study presented here encompasses identification, analysis and characterization of the strombine dehydrogenase (StDH) from the sponge S. domuncula, on the gene and protein level. StDH is an opine dehydrogenase which is involved in opine production pathways found mainly in marine invertebrates. These anaerobic pathways are regarded as analogues to the classical anaerobic glycolytic pathway (lactate production pathway), which is predominant in vertebrates. The StDH was previously annotated as a tauropine dehydrogenase (TaDH) on the basis of its 68% identity with the TaDH protein from Halichondria japonica. Subsequent enzymatic assays showed that S. domuncula opine dehydrogenase is in fact strombine dehydrogenase which possesses specific characteristics not found in other proteins of the same family. It is described here for the first time the StDH gene in Eukaryotes. Two allelic variants have been identified which are present in the different specimens either as a homozygotic or a heterozygotic. Phylogenetic analyses supported with enzymatic assays indicate that S. domuncula StDH is only distantly related to the opine dehydrogenases from marine invertebrates. StDH showed that the protein is highly specific to glycine and inhibited by the substrate pyruvate. Furthermore, S. domunucla StDH has a dimeric structure (~75 kDa) which is not observed in so far described OpDHs that are monomeric proteins. This enzyme showed similarities to the OCD/mu-cristallyin protein family. Results showed that a sponge StDH is unusual enzyme that belongs to the independent enzyme class. In addition, expression studies revealed that the StDH is down-regulated with aeration. Immunohistology analyses showed high expression of the protein in almost all sponge cells. A strong accumulation of the enzyme was seen around the bacteria indicating that under aerobic conditions the bacteria might metabolize strombine (end product of the reaction). In conclusion, the data documented here shed new light on the anaerobic pathways in marine invertebrates. Potential mutual influences between bacteria and sponge are discussed as well. Hopefully, these results could have a small but important contribution to the better understanding of the evolution in the animal kingdom.