The role of the NG2 proteoglycan in migration and characterization of the interaction with the intracellular binding partner, Syntenin

NG2 is a transmembrane proteoglycan with two N-terminal LNS domains and a C-terminal PDZ-binding motif. It is expressed in the developing and adult CNS by oligodendroglial precursor cells and subpopulations of perisynaptic glia and elsewhere by many immature cell types. In order to elucidate the functions of the protein and the heterogenous cell population which expresses it, we undertook to identify and characterise interaction partners of the molecule. The presence of the C-terminal PDZ recognition site in NG2 suggested PDZ-domain proteins as intracellular binding partners. In this work, interaction between the PDZ protein Syntenin and NG2 has been characterised. Syntenin is known to be involved in plasma membrane dynamics, metastasis and adhesion. Syntenin may thus link NG2 to the cytoskeleton, mediating migration of developing oligodendrocytes to axonal tracts prior to myelination, as well as process movement of NG2+ perisynaptic glia. NG2 is involved in cell spreading and polyclonal antibodies against NG2 inhibit the migration of immature glia and cell lines expressing the molecule. In this work we have characterised the segments of the extracellular portion of NG2 that are involved in migration. We found that the extracellular region immediately preceding the transmembrane segment is most important for cell motility. As part of this thesis, biochemical approaches to identify a trans-binding ligand interacting with the extracellular part of NG2 was also explored.

Evolutionary tendencies in flowers of Marantaceae with special reference to the style movement mechanism

One of the quickest plant movements ever known is made by the ´explosive´ style in Marantaceae in the service of secondary pollen presentation – herewith showing a striking apomorphy to the sister Cannaceae that might be of high evolutionary consequence. Though known already since the beginning of the 19th century the underlying mechanism of the movement has hitherto not been clarified. The present study reports about the biomechanics of the style-staminode complex and the hydraulic principles of the movement. For the first time it is shown by experiment that in Maranta noctiflora through longitudinal growth of the maturing style in the ´straitjacket´ of the hooded staminode both the hold of the style prior to its release and its tensioning for the movement are brought about. The longer the style grows in relation to the enclosing hooded staminode the more does its capacity for curling up for pollen transfer increase. Hereby I distinguish between the ´basic tension´ that a growing style builds up anyway, even when the hooded staminode is removed beforehand, and the ´induced tension´ which comes about only under the pressure of a ´too short´ hooded staminode and which enables the movement. The results of these investigations are discussed in view of previous interpretations ranging from possible biomechanical to electrophysiological mechanisms. To understand furthermore by which means the style gives way to the strong bending movement without suffering outwardly visible damage I examined its anatomical structure in several genera for its mechanical and hydraulic properties and for the determination of the entire curvature after release. The actual bending part contains tubulate cells whose walls are extraordinarily porous and large longitudinal intercellular spaces. SEM indicates the starting points of cell-wall loosening in primary walls and lysis of middle lamellae - probably through an intense pectinase activity in the maturing style. Fluorescence pictures of macerated and living style-tissue confirm cell-wall perforations that do apparently connect neighbouring cells, which leads to an extremely permeable parenchyma. The ´water-body´ can be shifted from central to dorsal cell layers to support the bending. The geometrical form of the curvature is determined by the vascular bundles. I conclude that the style in Marantaceae contains no ´antagonistic´ motile tissues as in Mimosa or Dionaea. Instead, through self-maceration it develops to a ´hydraulic tissue´ which carries out an irreversible movement through a sudden reshaping. To ascertain the evolutionary consequence of this apomorphic pollination mechanism the diversity and systematic value of hooded staminodes are examined. For this hooded staminodes of 24 genera are sorted according to a minimalistic selection of shape characters and eight morphological types are abstracted from the resulting groups. These types are mapped onto an already available maximally parsimonious tree comprising five major clades. An amazing correspondence is found between the morphological types and the clades; several sister-relationships are confirmed and in cases of uncertain position possible evolutionary pathways, such as convergence, dispersal or re-migration, are discussed, as well as the great evolutionary tendencies for the entire family in which – at least as regards the shape of hooded staminodes – there is obviously a tendency from complicated to strongly simplified forms. It suggests itself that such simplifying derivations may very likely have taken place as adaptations to pollinating animals about which at present too little is known. The value of morphological characters in relation to modern phylogenetic analysis is discussed and conditions for the selection of morphological characters valuable for a systematic grouping are proposed. Altogether, in view of the evolutionary success of Marantaceae compared with Cannaceae the movement mechanism of the style-staminode complex can safely be considered a key innovation within the order Zingiberales.

Migration von Technetium in natürlichem Tongestein

Die vorliegende Arbeit wurde im Rahmen des Verbundprojektes „Rückhaltung endlagerrelevanter Radionuklide im natürlichen Tongestein und salinaren Systemen“ (Förderkennzeichen: 02E10981), welches durch das Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie (BMWi) gefördert wurde, angefertigt. Ziel war es, erstmals Erkenntnisse zur Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Spaltprodukt Technetium und einem natürlichen Tongestein im Hinblick auf ein Endlager für wärmeentwickelnde radioaktive Abfälle zu erlangen. Hierfür wurde der in der Nordschweiz vorkommende Opalinuston aus Mont Terri als Referenzmaterial verwendet. Das Nuklid Technetium-99 liefert auf Grund seiner langen Halbwertszeit einen signifikanten Beitrag zur Radiotoxizität abgebrannter Brennelemente für mehr als tausend Jahre. Im Falle einer Freisetzung aus den Lagerbehältern wird die Geochemie des Technetiums von seiner Oxidationsstufe bestimmt, wobei lediglich die Oxidationsstufen +IV und +VII von Relevanz sind. Auf Grund seiner hohen Löslichkeit und geringen Affinität zur Sorption an Oberflächen von Mineralien ist Tc(VII) die mobilste und somit auch gefährlichste Spezies. Entsprechend lag der Fokus dieser Arbeit auf Diffusionsexperimenten dieser mobilen Spezies sowie auf dem Einfluss von Eisen(II) auf die Mobilität und die Speziation des Technetiums.rnDie Wechselwirkung zwischen Technetium und Opalinuston wurde in Sorptions- und Diffusionsexperimenten unter Variation verschiedener Parameter (pH-Wert, Zusatz verschiedener Reduktionsmittel, Einfluss von Sauerstoff, Diffusionsweg) untersucht. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurden erstmals ortsaufgelöste Untersuchungen zur Speziation des Technetiums an Dünnschliffen und Bohrkernen durchgeführt. Dabei konnten ergänzend zur Speziation auch Informationen über die Elementverteilung und die kristallinen Mineralphasen nahe lokaler Anreicherungen des Radionuklides gewonnen werden. Zusätzlich erlaubten Untersuchungen an Pulverproben die Bestimmung der molekularen Struktur des Technetiums an der Tonoberfläche.rnSowohl die Kombination der oben aufgeführten Sorptionsexperimente mit spektroskopischen Untersuchungen als auch die Diffusionsexperimente zeigten unter Sauerstoffausschluss eine Reduktion von Tc(VII) zu immobilen Tc(IV)-Spezies. Weiterhin konnte die Bildung eines Tc(IV)-Sorptionskomplexes an der Tonoberfläche gezeigt werden. Im Hinblick auf ein Endlager in Tongestein sind diese Ergebnisse positiv zu bewerten.