Enzyme tRNA interaction and (t)RNA conformation probed via environmentally sensitive cyanine dyes

Nukleosidmodifikationen beeinflussen Dynamik und Konformation von RNArnund sind epigenetisch wirksam. Wenig verstanden sind konformationelle Dynamik und enzymatische Erkennung von tRNA, sowie der Einfluss des mutmaßlichen kovalenten Inhibitors 5-Fluorouridine (5FU) auf Y Synthasen, die Pseudouridin (Y) erzeugen. Frühere Arbeiten nutzten mit den Fluorophoren Cy3 und Cy5rnmarkierte tRNA, um diese Fragen zu adressieren.rnDie vorliegende Arbeit weitet Cy3-Cy5-Markierung auf Hefe tRNArnPhernaus undrnnutzt Thermophorese und fortschrittliche Fluoreszenzspektroskopie. In der Thermophorese zeigte sich eine hohe Toleranz gegenüber Fluoreszenzmarkierung beirngleichzeitiger Erhöhung der Cy5 Fluoreszenz durch Enzymbindung. Zudem konnte die Konformation verschiedener Mutanten human mitochondrialer tRNArnLysrnund die Bindung von SAM durch SAM-I Riboswitch RNA untersucht werden.rnUm etwaige Unterschiede in der Interaktion von Y55 Synthase TruB mit Cy5-gelabelter U55- bzw. 5FU55-tRNA aufzudecken, wurde eine Kombination ausrnThermophorese, zeit- und polarisationsaufgelöster Fluoreszenzspektroskopie undrn’gel shift’ Experimenten genutzt. Alle Ergebnisse zeigten übereinstimmend einernreversible Bindung ähnlicher Affinität für beide tRNAs und widersprechen somit einer kovalenten Inhibition durch 5FU. Folgerichtig wurde der SDS-stabilernKomplex von TruB mit 5FU-tRNA neu evaluiert, da er bisher als kovalent interpretiert wurde. Es erfolgte eine schnelle Komplexbildung in hoher Ausbeute auchrnfür schlechte Substrate, außerdem ließ sich die Komplexausbeute nicht durch andere Reaktionsbedingungen beeinflussen. Somit kann der SDS stabile Komplexrnnur den ersten, nicht-kovalenten Kontakt von Enzym und 5FU55-tRNA darstellen und repräsentiert kein kovalentes Addukt späterer Katalyse.

Structural characterization of intermediate and metastable phases by electron microscopy

Structure characterization of nanocrystalline intermediates and metastable phases is of primary importance for a deep understanding of synthetic processes undergoing solid-to-solid state phase transitions. Understanding the evolution from the first nucleation stage to the final synthetic product supports not only the optimization of existing processes, but might assist in tailoring new synthetic paths. A systematic investigation of intermediates and metastable phases is hampered because it is impossible to produce large crystals and only in few cases a pure synthetic product can be obtained. Structure investigation by X-ray powder diffraction methods is still challenging on nanoscale, especially when the sample is polyphasic. Electron diffraction has the advantage to collect data from single nanoscopic crystals, but is limited by data incompleteness, dynamical effects and fast deterioration of the sample under the electron beam. Automated diffraction tomography (ADT), a recently developed technique, making possible to collect more complete three-dimensional electron diffraction data and to reduce at the same time dynamical scattering and beam damage, thus allowing to investigate even beam sensitive materials (f.e. hydrated phases and organics). At present, ADT is the only technique able to deliver complete three-dimensional structural information from single nanoscopic grains, independently from other surrounding phases. Thus, ADT is an ideal technique for the study of on-going processes where different phases exist at the same time and undergo several structural transitions. In this study ADT was used as the main technique for structural characterization for three different systems and combined subsequently with other techniques, among which high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), cryo-TEM imaging, X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).rnAs possible laser host materials, i.e. materials with a broad band emission in the near-infrared region, two unknown phases were investigated in the ternary oxide system M2O-Al2O3-WO3 (M = K, Na). Both phases exhibit low purity as well as non-homogeneous size distribution and particle morphology. The structures solved by ADT are also affected by pseudo-symmetry. rnSodium titanate nanotubes and nanowires are both intermediate products in the synthesis of TiO2 nanorods which are used as additives to colloidal TiO2 film for improving efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The structural transition from nantubes to nanowires was investigated in a step by step time-resolved study. Nanowires were discovered to consist of a hitherto unknown phase of sodium titanate. This new phase, typically affected by pervasive defects like mutual layer shift, was structurally determined ab-initio on the basis of ADT data. rnThe third system is related with calcium carbonate nucleation and early crystallization. The first part of this study is dedicated to the extensive investigations of calcium carbonate formation in a step by step analysis, up to the appearance of crystalline individua. The second part is dedicated to the structure determination by ADT of the first-to-form anhydrated phase of CaCO3: vaterite. An exhaustive structure analysis of vaterite had previously been hampered by diffuse scattering, extra periodicities and fast deterioration of the material under electron irradiation. rn