Strategies for detecting DNA hybridisation using surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy

Die Anregung und Emission von Fluorophoren nahe planaren Metalloberflächen und schiefen Gittern wurde mittels Oberflächenplasmonen Fluoreszenz Spektroskopie (SPFS) untersucht. Die Fluorophore konnten durch das evaneszente Plasmonenfeld angeregt und die einzelnen Abregungskanäle identifiziert werden.Die Sensorarchitektur für den Nachweis der Hybridisierung bestand aus auf einer Streptavidin-Matrix immobilisierten unmarkierten Sondensträngen. Cy5 markierte Zielsequenzen wurden aus der Lösung hybridisiert und die Adsorptionskinetiken konnten oberflächensensitiv detektiert werden.Ein neues Detektionsschema für unmarkierte Zielstränge wurde mittels fluoreszenzmarkirten Sondensträngen realisiert. Die Hybridisierung führte zu der Bildung von steifen helikalen Bereichen in der Probe und separierte den Farbstoff von der Metalloberfläche. Reduzierte Fluorezenzlöschung zeigte daher das Hybridisierungsereignis an.Die Verwendung eines potentiellen Förster-Paares zur Detektion von DNA Hybridisierung wurde untersucht. Donor und Akzeptor wurden an Ziel- und Sondenstrang immobilisiert und das Hybridisierungsereignis konnte anhand der Auslöschung der Donor-Fluorezenz nachgewiesen werden.Schließlich wurde der Einsatz von einzelstrangbindenden Proteinen (SSB) zur Steigerung der Sensitivität bezüglich Basenfehlpaarungen betrachtet. Verdrängungsreaktionen zwischen Proteinen und markierten Zielsträngen wurden anhand von SPS und Fluorezenzkinetiken studiert.

Systematic studies of protein immobilization by surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy

The research interest of this study is to investigate surface immobilization strategies for proteins and other biomolecules by the surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) technique. The recrystallization features of the S-layer proteins and the possibility of combining the S-layer lattice arrays with other functional molecules make this protein a prime candidate for supramolecular architectures. The recrystallization behavior on gold or on the secondary cell wall polymer (SCWP) was recorded by SPR. The optical thicknesses and surface densities for different protein layers were calculated. In DNA hybridization tests performed in order to discriminate different mismatches, recombinant S-layer-streptavidin fusion protein matrices showed their potential for new microarrays. Moreover, SCWPs coated gold chips, covered with a controlled and oriented assembly of S-layer fusion proteins, represent an even more sensitive fluorescence testing platform. Additionally, S-layer fusion proteins as the matrix for LHCII immobilization strongly demonstrate superiority over routine approaches, proving the possibility of utilizing them as a new strategy for biomolecular coupling. In the study of the SPFS hCG immunoassay, the biophysical and immunological characteristics of this glycoprotein hormone were presented first. After the investigation of the effect of the biotin thiol dilution on the coupling efficiently, the interfacial binding model including the appropriate binary SAM structure and the versatile streptavidin-biotin interaction was chosen as the basic supramolecular architecture for the fabrication of a SPFS-based immunoassay. Next, the affinity characteristics between different antibodies and hCG were measured via an equilibrium binding analysis, which is the first example for the titration of such a high affinity interaction by SPFS. The results agree very well with the constants derived from the literature. Finally, a sandwich assay and a competitive assay were selected as templates for SPFS-based hCG detection, and an excellent LOD of 0.15 mIU/ml was attained via the “one step” sandwich method. Such high sensitivity not only fulfills clinical requirements, but is also better than most other biosensors. Fully understanding how LHCII complexes transfer the sunlight energy directionally and efficiently to the reaction center is potentially useful for constructing biomimetic devices as solar cells. After the introduction of the structural and the spectroscopic features of LHCII, different surface immobilization strategies of LHCII were summarized next. Among them the strategy based on the His-tag and the immobilized metal (ion) affinity chromatography (IMAC) technique were of great interest and resulted in different kinds of home-fabricated His-tag chelating chips. Their substantial protein coupling capacity, maintenance of high biological activity and a remarkably repeatable binding ability on the same chip after regeneration was demonstrated. Moreover, different parameters related to the stability of surface coupled reconstituted complexes, including sucrose, detergent, lipid, oligomerization, temperature and circulation rate, were evaluated in order to standardize the most effective immobilization conditions. In addition, partial lipid bilayers obtained from LHCII contained proteo-liposomes fusion on the surface were observed by the QCM technique. Finally, the inter-complex energy transfer between neighboring LHCIIs on a gold protected silver surface by excitation with a blue laser (λ = 473nm) was recorded for the first time, and the factors influencing the energy transfer efficiency were evaluated.

Surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy and microscopy studies for biomolecular interaction studies

ABSTARCT Biotechnology has enabled the modification of agricultural materials in a very precise way. Crops have been modified through the insertion of new traits or the inhibition of existing gene functions, named Genetically Modified Organism (GMO), and resulted in improved tolerance of herbicide and/or increased resistance against pests, viruses and fungi. Commercial cultivation of GMO started in 1996 and increased rapidly in 2003 according to a recently released report by the International Service for the Acquisition of Agri-Biotech Applications (ISAAA), depicted continuing consumer resistance in Europe and other part of the world. Upon these developments, the European Union regulations mandated labeling of GMOs containing food and as a consequence, the labeling of GMO containing product in the case of exceeding the1% threshold of alien DNA is required. The aim of the study is to be able to detect and quantify the GMO from the mixture of natural food components. The surface plasmon resonance (SPR) technique combined with fluorescence was used for this purpose. During the presented studies, two key issues are addressed and tried to solve; what is the best strategy to design and built an interfacial architecture of a probe oligonucletide layer either on a two dimensional surface or on an array platform; and what is the best detection method allowing for a sensitive monitoring of the hybridisation events. The study includes two parts: first part includes characterization of different PNAs on a 2D planar surface by defining affinity constants using the very well established optical method “Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Spectroscopy”(SPFS) and on the array platform by “Surface Plasmon Fluorescence Microscopy” (SPFM), and at the end comparison of the sensitivity of these two techniques. The second part is composed of detection of alien DNA in food components by using DNA and PNA catcher probes on the array platform in real-time by SPFM.

Kinetic and affinity analysis of hybridization reactions between PNA probes and DNA targets using surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS)

Sequenz spezifische biomolekulare Analyseverfahren erweisen sich gerade im Hinblick auf das Humane Genom Projekt als äußerst nützlich in der Detektion von einzelnen Nukleotid Polymorphismen (SNPs) und zur Identifizierung von Genen. Auf Grund der hohen Anzahl von Basenpaaren, die zu analysieren sind, werden sensitive und effiziente Rastermethoden benötigt, welche dazu fähig sind, DNA-Proben in einer geeigneten Art und Weise zu bearbeiten. Die meisten Detektionsarten berücksichtigen die Interaktion einer verankerten Probe und des korrespondierenden Targets mit den Oberflächen. Die Analyse des kinetischen Verhaltens der Oligonukleotide auf der Sensoroberfläche ist infolgedessen von höchster Wichtigkeit für die Verbesserung bereits bekannter Detektions - Schemata. In letzter Zeit wurde die Oberflächen Plasmonen feld-verstärkte Fluoreszenz Spektroskopie (SPFS) entwickelt. Sie stellt eine kinetische Analyse - und Detektions - Methode dar, die mit doppelter Aufzeichnung, d.h. der Änderung der Reflektivität und des Fluoreszenzsignals, für das Interphasen Phänomen operiert. Durch die Verwendung von SPFS können Kinetikmessungen für die Hybridisierung zwischen Peptid Nukleinsäure (PNA), welche eine synthetisierte Nukleinsäure DNA imitiert und eine stabilere Doppelhelix formt, und DNA auf der Sensoroberfläche ausgeführt werden. Mittels einzel-, umfassend-, und titrations- Experimenten sowohl mit einer komplementär zusammenpassenden Sequenz als auch einer mismatch Sequenz können basierend auf dem Langmuir Modell die Geschwindigkeitskonstanten für die Bindungsreaktion des oligomer DNA Targets bzw. des PCR Targets zur PNA ermittelt werden. Darüber hinaus wurden die Einflüsse der Ionenstärke und der Temperatur für die PNA/DNA Hybridisierung in einer kinetischen Analyse aufgezeigt.

Grating coupled surface plasmon enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy

Over the last three decades, sensors based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance have proven particularly suitable for real time thin film characterization, gas detection, biomolecular interaction examination and to supplement electrochemical methods. Systems based on prism coupling have been combined with fluorescence detection under the name of surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy to increase sensitivity even further. Alternatively, metal gratings can be employed to match photons for plasmon resonance. The real time monitoring of binding reactions not yet been reported in the combination of fluorescence detection and grating coupling. Grating-based systems promise more competitive products, because of reduced operating costs, and offer benefits for device engineering. This thesis is comprised of a comprehensive study of the suitability of grating coupling for fluorescence based analyte detection. Fundamental properties of grating coupled surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy are described, as well as issues related to the commercial realization of the method. Several new experimental techniques are introduced and demonstrated in order to optimize performance in certain areas and improve upon capabilities in respect to prism-based systems. Holographically fabricated gratings are characterized by atomic force microscopy and optical methods, aided by simulations and profile parameters responsible for efficient coupling are analyzed. The directional emission of fluorophores immobilized on a grating surface is studied in detail, including the magnitude and geometry of the fluorescence emission pattern for different grating constants and polarizations. Additionally, the separation between the minimum of the reflected intensity and the maximum fluorescence excitation position is examined. One of the key requirements for the commercial feasibility of grating coupling is the cheap and faithful mass production of disposable samples from a given master grating. The replication of gratings is demonstrated by a simple hot embossing method with good reproducibility to address this matter. The in-situ fluorescence detection of analyte immobilization and affinity measurements using grating coupling are described for the first time. The physical factors related to the sensitivity of the technique are assessed and the lower limit of detection of the technique is determined for an exemplary assay. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of bulk fluorophores to the total signal in terms of magnitude and polarization of incident and emitted light. Emission from the bulk can be a limiting factor for experiments with certain assay formats. For that reason, a novel optical method, based on the modulation of both polarization and intensity of the incident beam, is introduced and demonstrated to be capable of eliminating this contribution.

Investigation of the electric field enhanced PNA-DNA hybridization on Au surface by using surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS)

Recently, the surface plasmon field-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) was developed as a kinetic analysis and a detection method with dual- monitoring of the change of reflectivity and fluorescence signal for the interfacial phenomenon. A fundamental study of PNA and DNA interaction at the surface using surface plasmon fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) will be investigated in studies. Furthermore, several specific conditions to influence on PNA/DNA hybridization and affinity efficiency by monitoring reflective index changes and fluorescence variation at the same time will be considered. In order to identify the affinity degree of PNA/DNA hybridizaiton at the surface, the association constant (kon) and the dissociation constant (koff) will be obtained by titration experiment of various concentration of target DNA and kinetic investigation. In addition, for more enhancing the hybridization efficiency of PNA/DNA, a study of polarized electric field enhancement system will be introduced and performed in detail. DNA is well-known polyelectrolytes with naturally negative charged molecules in its structure. With polarized electrical treatment, applying DC field to the metal surface, which PNA probe would be immobilized at, negatively charged DNA molecules can be attracted by electromagnetic attraction force and manipulated to the close the surface area, and have more possibility to hybridize with probe PNA molecules by hydrogen bonding each corresponding base sequence. There are several major factors can be influenced on the hybridization efficiency.

The oxidation capacity of the atmosphere - OH and HO 2 radical measurements in a boreal forest environment using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

Das wichtigste Oxidationsmittel für den Abbau flüchtiger Kohlenwasserstoffverbindungen (VOC, engl.: volatile organic compounds) in der Atmosphäre ist das Hydroxylradikal (OH), welches sich in einem schnellen chemischen Gleichgewicht mit dem Hydroperoxylradical (HO2) befindet. Bisherige Messungen und Modellvergleiche dieser Radikalspezies in Waldgebieten haben signifikante Lücken im Verständnis der zugrundeliegenden Prozesse aufgezeigt.rnIm Rahmen dieser Doktorarbeit wurden Messungen von OH- und HO2-Radikalen mittelsrnlaserinduzierten Fluoreszensmesstechnik (LIF, engl.: laser-induced fluorescence) in einem Nadelwald in Süd-Finnland während der Messkampagne HUMPPA–COPEC–2010 (Hyytiälä United Measurements of Photochemistry and Particles in Air – Comprehensive Organic Precursor Emission and Concentration study) im Sommer 2010 durchgeführt. Unterschiedliche Komponenten des LIF-Instruments wurden verbessert. Eine modifizierte Methode zur Bestimmung des Hintergrundsignals (engl.: InletPreInjector technique) wurde in den Messaufbaurnintegriert und erstmals zur Messung von atmosphärischem OH verwendet. Vergleichsmessungen zweier Instrumente basierend auf unterschiedlichen Methoden zur Messung von OH-Radikalen, chemische Ionisationsmassenspektrometrie (CIMS - engl.: chemical ionization mass spectrometry) und LIF-Technik, zeigten eine gute Übereinstimmung. Die Vergleichsmessungen belegen das Vermögen und die Leistungsfähigkeit des modifizierten LIF-Instruments atmosphärische OH Konzentrationen akkurat zu messen. Nachfolgend wurde das LIF-Instrument auf der obersten Plattform eines 20m hohen Turmes positioniert, um knapp oberhalb der Baumkronen die Radikal-Chemie an der Schnittstelle zwischen Ökosystem und Atmosphäre zu untersuchen. Umfangreiche Messungen - dies beinhaltet Messungen der totalen OH-Reaktivität - wurden durchgeführt und unter Verwendung von Gleichgewichtszustandsberechnungen und einem Boxmodell, in welches die gemessenen Daten als Randbedingungen eingehen, analysiert. Wenn moderate OH-Reaktivitäten(k′(OH)≤ 15 s−1) vorlagen, sind OH-Produktionsraten, die aus gemessenen Konzentrationen von OH-Vorläuferspezies berechnet wurden, konsistent mit Produktionsraten, die unter der Gleichgewichtsannahme von Messungen des totalen OH Verlustes abgeleitet wurden. Die primären photolytischen OH-Quellen tragen mit einem Anteil von bis zu einem Drittel zur Gesamt-OH-Produktion bei. Es wurde gezeigt, dass OH-Rezyklierung unter Bedingungen moderater OH-Reaktivität hauptsächlich durch die Reaktionen von HO2 mit NO oder O3 bestimmt ist. Während Zeiten hoher OH-Reaktivität (k′(OH) > 15 s−1) wurden zusätzliche Rezyklierungspfade, die nicht über die Reaktionen von HO2 mit NO oder O3, sondern direkt OH bilden, aufgezeigt.rnFür Hydroxylradikale stimmen Boxmodell-Simulationen und Messungen gut übereinrn(OHmod/OHobs=1.04±0.16), während HO2-Mischungsverhältnisse in der Simulation signifikant unterschätzt werden (HO2mod/HO2obs=0.3±0.2) und die simulierte OH-Reaktivität nicht mit der gemessenen OH-Reaktivität übereinstimmt. Die gleichzeitige Unterschätzung der HO2-Mischungsverhältnisse und der OH-Reaktivität, während OH-Konzentrationen von der Simulation gut beschrieben werden, legt nahe, dass die fehlende OH-Reaktivität in der Simulation eine noch unberücksichtigte HO2-Quelle darstellt. Zusätzliche, OH-unabhängigernRO2/HO2-Quellen, wie z.B. der thermische Zerfall von herantransportiertem peroxyacetylnitrat (PAN) und die Photolyse von Glyoxal sind indiziert.

A biomimetic model membrane system on oxidic surfaces designed for the investigation of cytochrome c oxidase and other membrane proteins by fluorescence and waveguide spectroscopy

Die transmembrane Potenzialdifferenz Δφm ist direkt mit der katalytischen Aktivität der Cytochrom c Oxidase (CcO) verknüpft. Die CcO ist das terminale Enzym (Komplex IV) in der Atmungskette der Mitochondrien. Das Enzym katalysiert die Reduktion von O2 zu 2 H2O. Dabei werden Elektronen vom natürlichen Substrat Cytochrom c zur CcO übertragen. Der Eleltronentransfer innerhalb der CcO ist an die Protonentranslokation über die Membran gekoppelt. Folglich bildet sich über der inneren Membrane der Mitochondrien eine Differenz in der Protonenkonzentration. Zusätzlich wird eine Potenzialdifferenz Δφm generiert.rnrnDas Transmembranpotenzial Δφm kann mit Hilfe der Fluoreszenzspektroskopie unter Einsatz eines potenzialemfindlichen Farbstoffs gemessen werden. Um quantitative Aussagen aus solchen Untersuchungen ableiten zu können, müssen zuvor Kalibrierungsmessungen am Membransystem durchgeführt werden.rnrnIn dieser Arbeit werden Kalibrierungsmessungen von Δφm in einer Modellmembrane mit inkorporiertem CcO vorgestellt. Dazu wurde ein biomimetisches Membransystem, die Proteinverankerte Doppelschicht (protein-tethered Bilayer Lipid Membrane, ptBLM), auf einem transparenten, leitfähigem Substrat (Indiumzinnoxid, ITO) entwickelt. ITO ermöglicht den simultanen Einsatz von elektrochemischen und Fluoreszenz- oder optischen wellenleiterspektroskopischen Methoden. Das Δφm in der ptBLM wurde durch extern angelegte, definierte elektrische Spannungen induziert. rnrnEine dünne Hydrogelschicht wurde als "soft cushion" für die ptBLM auf ITO eingesetzt. Das Polymernetzwerk enthält die NTA Funktionsgruppen zur orientierten Immobilisierung der CcO auf der Oberfläche der Hydrogels mit Hilfe der Ni-NTA Technik. Die ptBLM wurde nach der Immobilisierung der CcO mittels in-situ Dialyse gebildet. Elektrochemische Impedanzmessungen zeigten einen hohen elektrischen Widerstand (≈ 1 MΩ) der ptBLM. Optische Wellenleiterspektren (SPR / OWS) zeigten eine erhöhte Anisotropie des Systems nach der Bildung der Doppellipidschicht. Cyklovoltammetriemessungen von reduziertem Cytochrom c bestätigten die Aktivität der CcO in der Hydrogel-gestützten ptBLM. Das Membranpotenzial in der Hydrogel-gestützten ptBLM, induziert durch definierte elektrische Spannungen, wurde mit Hilfe der ratiometrischen Fluoreszenzspektroskopie gemessen. Referenzmessungen mit einer einfach verankerten Dopplellipidschicht (tBLM) lieferten einen Umrechnungsfaktor zwischen dem ratiometrischen Parameter Rn und dem Membranpotenzial (0,05 / 100 mV). Die Nachweisgrenze für das Membranpotenzial in einer Hydrogel-gestützten ptBLM lag bei ≈ 80 mV. Diese Daten dienen als gute Grundlage für künftige Untersuchungen des selbstgenerierten Δφm der CcO in einer ptBLM.

Grazing incidence pumped Zr x-ray laser for spectroscopy on Li-like ions

X-ray laser fluorescence spectroscopy of the 2s-2p transition in Li-like ions is promising to become a widely applicable tool to provide information on the nuclear charge radii of stable and radioactive isotopes. For performing such experiments at the Experimental Storage Ring ESR, and the future NESR within the FAIR Project, a grazing incidence pumped (GRIP) x-ray laser (XRL) was set up at GSI Darmstadt using PHELIX (Petawatt High Energy Laser for heavy Ions eXperiments). The experiments demonstrated that lasing using the GRIP geometry could be achieved with relatively low pump energy, a prerequisite for higher repetition rate. In the first chapter the need of a plasma XRL is motivated and a short history of the plasma XRL is presented. The distinctive characteristic of the GRIP method is the controlled deposition of the pump laser energy into the desired plasma density region. While up to now the analysis performed were mostly concerned with the plasma density at the turning point of the main pump pulse, in this thesis it is demonstrated that also the energy deposition is significantly modified for the GRIP method, being sensitive in different ways to a large number of parameters. In the second chapter, the theoretical description of the plasma evolution, active medium and XRL emission properties are reviewed. In addition an innovative analysis of the laser absorption in plasma which includes an inverse Bremsstrahlung (IB) correction factor is presented. The third chapter gives an overview of the experimental set-up and diagnostics, providing an analytical formula for the average and instantaneous traveling wave speed generated with a tilted, on-axis spherical mirror, the only focusing system used up to now in GRIP XRL. The fourth chapter describes the experimental optimization and results. The emphasis is on the effect of the incidence angle of the main pump pulse on the absorption in plasma and on output and gain in different lasing lines. This is compared to the theoretical results for two different incidence angles. Significant corrections for the temperature evolution during the main pump pulse due to the incidence angle are demonstrated in comparison to a simple analytical model which does not take into account the pumping geometry. A much better agreement is reached by the model developed in this thesis. An interesting result is also the appearance of a central dip in the spatially resolved keV emission which was observed in the XRL experiments for the first time and correlates well with previous near field imaging and plasma density profile measurements. In the conclusion also an outlook to the generation of shorter wavelength XRL’s is given.

New biosensor applications of surface plasmon and hydrogel optical waveguide spectroscopy

Rapid and sensitive detection of chemical and biological analytes becomes increasingly important in areas such as medical diagnostics, food control and environmental monitoring. Optical biosensors based on surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and optical waveguide spectroscopy have been extensively pushed forward in these fields. In this study, we combine SPR, surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) and optical waveguide spectroscopy with hydrogel thin film for highly sensitive detection of molecular analytes.rnrnA novel biosensor based on SPFS which was advanced through the excitation of long range surface plasmons (LRSPs) is reported in this study. LRSPs are special surface plasmon waves propagating along thin metal films with orders of magnitude higher electromagnetic field intensity and lower damping than conventional SPs. Therefore, their excitation on the sensor surface provides further increased fluorescence signal. An inhibition immunoassay based on LRSP-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (LRSP-FS) was developed for the detection of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) in milk. The biosensor allowed for the detection of AFM1 in milk at concentrations as low as 0.6 pg mL-1, which is about two orders of magnitude lower than the maximum AFM1 residue level in milk stipulated by the European Commission legislation.rnrnIn addition, LRSPs probe the medium adjacent to the metallic surface with more extended evanescent field than regular SPs. Therefore, three-dimensional binding matrices with up to micrometer thickness have been proposed for the immobilization of biomolecular recognition elements with large surface density that allows to exploit the whole evanescent field of LRSP. A photocrosslinkable carboxymethyl dextran (PCDM) hydrogel thin film is used as a binding matrix, and it is applied for the detection of free prostate specific antigen (f-PSA) based on the LRSP-FS and sandwich immunoassay. We show that this approach allows for the detection of f-PSA at low femto-molar range, which is approximately four orders of magnitude lower than that for direct detection of f-PSA based on the monitoring of binding-induced refractive index changes.rnrnHowever, a three dimensional hydrogel binding matrix with micrometer thickness can also serve as an optical waveguide. Based on the measurement of binding-induced refractive index changes, a hydrogel optical waveguide spectroscopy (HOWS) is reported for a label-free biosensor. This biosensor is implemented by using a SPR optical setup in which a carboxylated poly(N-isoproprylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) hydrogel film is attached on a metallic surface and modified by protein catcher molecules. Compared to regular SPR biosensor with thiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM), HOWS provides an order of magnitude improved resolution in the refractive index measurements and enlarged binding capacity owing to its low damping and large swelling ratio, respectively. A model immunoassay experiment revealed that HOWS allowed detection of IgG molecules with a 10 pM limit of detection (LOD) that was five-fold lower than that achieved for SPR with thiol SAM. For the high capacity hydrogel matrix, the affinity binding was mass transport limited.rnrnThe mass transport of target molecules to the sensor surface can play as critical a role as the chemical reaction itself. In order to overcome the diffusion-limited mass transfer, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles were employed. The magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) can serve both as labels providing enhancement of the refractive index changes, and “vehicles” for rapidly delivering the analytes from sample solution to an SPR sensor surface with a gradient magnetic field. A model sandwich assay for the detection of β human chorionic gonadotropin (βhCG) has been utilized on a gold sensor surface with metallic diffraction grating structure supporting the excitation of SPs. Various detection formats including a) direct detection, b) sandwich assay, c) MNPs immunoassay without and d) with applied magnetic field were compared. The results show that the highly-sensitive MNPs immunoassay improves the LOD on the detection of βhCG by a factor of 5 orders of magnitude with respect to the direct detection.rn

Advanced schemes for surface plasmon resonance and plasmon-enhanced fluorescence biosensors

Advanced optical biosensor platforms exploiting long range surface plasmons (LRSPs) and responsive N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) hydrogel binding matrix for the detection of protein and bacterial pathogen analytes were carried out. LRSPs are optical waves that originate from coupling of surface plasmons on the opposite sites of a thin metallic film embedded between two dielectrics with similar refractive indices. LRSPs exhibit orders of magnitude lower damping and more extended profile of field compared to regular surface plasmons (SPs). Their excitation is accompanied with narrow resonance and provides stronger enhancement of electromagnetic field intensity that can advance the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (SPFS) biosensors. Firstly, we investigated thin gold layers deposited on fluoropolymer surface for the excitation of LRSPs. The study indicates that the morphological, optical and electrical properties of gold film can be changed by the surface energy of fluoropolymer and affect the performance of a SPFS biosensor. A photo-crosslinkable NIPAAm hydrogel was grafted to the sensor surface in order to serve as a binding matrix. It was modified with bio-recognition elements (BREs) via amine coupling chemistry and offered the advantage of large binding capacity, stimuli responsive properties and good biocompatibility. Through experimental observations supported by numerical simulations describing diffusion mass transfer and affinity binding of target molecules in the hydrogel, the hydrogel binding matrix thickness, concentration of BREs and the profile of the probing evanescent field was optimized. Hydrogel with a up to micrometer thickness was shown to support additional hydrogel optical waveguide (HOW) mode which was employed for probing affinity binding events in the gel by means of refractometric and fluorescence measurements. These schemes allow to reach limits of detection (LODs) at picomolar and femtomolar levels, respectively. Besides hydrogel based experiments for detection of molecular analytes, long range surface plasmon-enhanced fluorescence spectroscopy (LRSP-FS) was employed for detection of bacterial pathogens. The influence of capture efficiency of bacteria on surfaces and the profile of the probing field on sensor response were investigated. The potential of LRSP-FS with extended evanescent field is demonstrated for detection of pathogenic E. coli O157:H7 on sandwich immunoassays . LOD as low as 6 cfu mL-1 with a detection time of 40 minutes was achieved.rn

Nanofiber-based spectroscopy of organic molecules

This thesis reports on the experimental realization of nanofiber-based spectroscopy of organic molecules. The light guided by subwavelength diameter optical nanfibers exhibits a pronounced evanescent field surrounding the fiber which yields high excitation and emission collection efficiencies for molecules on or near the fiber surface.rnThe optical nanofibers used for the experiments presented in this thesis are realized as thernsub-wavelength diameter waist of a tapered optical fiber (TOF). The efficient transfer of thernlight from the nanofiber waist to the unprocessed part of the TOF depends critically on therngeometric shape of the TOF transitions which represent a nonuniformity of the TOF. Thisrnnonuniformity can cause losses due to coupling of the fundamental guided mode to otherrnmodes which are not guided by the taper over its whole length. In order to quantify the lossrnfrom the fundamental mode due to tapering, I have solved the coupled local mode equationsrnin the approximation of weak guidance for the three layer system consisting of fiber core andrncladding as well as the surrounding vacuum or air, assuming the taper shape of the TOFsrnused for the experiments presented in this thesis. Moreover, I have empirically studied therninfluence of the TOF geometry on its transmission spectra and, based on the results, I haverndesigned a nanofiber-waist TOF with broadband transmission for experiments with organicrnmolecules.rnAs an experimental demonstration of the high sensitivity of nanofiber-based surface spectroscopy, I have performed various absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements on the model system 3,4,9,10-perylene-tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). The measured homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening of the spectra due to the interaction of the dielectric surface of the nanofiber with the surface-adsorbed molecules agrees well with the values theoretically expected and typical for molecules on surfaces. Furthermore, the self-absorption effects due to reasorption of the emitted fluorescence light by circumjacent surface-adsorbed molecules distributed along the fiber waist have been analyzed and quantified. With time-resolved measurements, the reorganization of PTCDA molecules to crystalline films and excimers can be observed and shown to be strongly catalyzed by the presence of water on the nanofiber surface. Moreover, the formation of charge-transfer complexes due to the interaction with localized surface defects has been studied. The collection efficiency of the molecular emission by the guided fiber mode has been determined by interlaced measurements of absorption and fluorescence spectra to be about 10% in one direction of the fiber.rnThe high emission collection efficiency makes optical nanofibers a well-suited tool for experiments with dye molecules embedded in small organic crystals. As a first experimental realization of this approach, terrylene-doped para-terphenyl crystals attached to the nanofiber-waist of a TOF have been studied at cryogenic temperatures via fluorescence and fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The statistical fine structure of the fluorescence excitation spectrum for a specific sample has been observed and used to give an estimate of down to 9 molecules with center frequencies within one homogeneous width of the laser wavelength on average for large detunings from resonance. The homogeneous linewidth of the transition could be estimated to be about 190MHz at 4.5K.

Untersuchungen zum nichtphotochemischen Lochbrennen auf Einzelmolekülebene am Modellsystem Terrylen in p-Terphenyl

Die Arbeit beschreibt Untersuchungen zum nichtphoto- chemischen Lochbrennen, das bei 1.4 Kelvin in Form von rein lichtinduzierten Frequenzsprüngen einzelner in p-Terphenyleingebetteter Terrylenmoleküle beobachtet werden kann. Dabei zeigen alle Chromophore aus der X1-Einbaulage ein exzellent reproduzierbares Verhalten, sowohl im bistabilen primären Photozyklus wie auch in dem daran angegliederten sekundärenPhotozyklus, welcher aus drei weiteren spektralen Positionen besteht. Aus den Ergebnissen der nach der genauen Charakterisierung dieser Eigenschaft des Systems durchgeführten Experimente - Fluoreszenzspektroskopie der Photoprodukte, Stark-Effekt-Messungen und Polarisationsmodulation - wird ein Modell für die den lichtinduzierten Änderungen der Absorptionsfrequenzzugrundeliegenden Konformationsänderungender Wirt/Gast- Struktur abgeleitet und diskutiert. Die mittlerweile verfügbaren Ergebnisse von diesbezüglichen molekular- dynamischen Simulationen einer Theoriegruppe ausBordeaux, die alle grundlegenden Annahmen dieses Modellsbestätigen und eine noch genauere mikroskopische Beschreibung des Systems liefern, werden zur Abrundung der Darstellung ebenfalls vorgestellt. Außerdem geht die Dissertation auf die durchgeführten Einzelmolekül- untersuchungen an Terrylen in p-Terphenyl bei Raumtemperatur ein und stellt das im Rahmen der Arbeit aufgebaute temperaturvariable laserscannende Konfokalmikroskop im Detail vor.

Herstellung und physikochemische Charakterisierung von planaren gestützten Lipid-Modellmembran-Systemen

Es wurden funktionalisierte polymerunterstützte planare Phospholipid-Modellmembran-Systeme hergestellt und auf jeder Präparationsstufe eingehend charakterisiert. Dünne Polysaccharidfilme wurden in der Form von quellbaren Gelen auf oxidische Oberflächen aufgebracht und bezüglich ihres Quellungsverhaltens und der Oberflächeneigenschaften in Abhängigkeit vom Wassergehalt untersucht. Lipidmonoschichten unterschiedlicher Zusammensetzung wurden mittels Langmuir-Blodgett-Tranfer auf Polymersubstrate übertragen und bezüglich der Stärke der Lipid/Polymer Wechselwirkung, der lateralen Selbstdiffusion in Abhängigkeit von der Wasseraktivität, dem Spreitverhalten der monomolekularen Membran auf dem Substrat in Abhängigkeit von der Wasseraktivität und dem Lateraldruck der Monoschicht, sowie des Ausmaßes der Hydratation im Kopfgruppenbereich der Lipidmembran in Abhängigkeit von der Wasseraktivität mittels Fluoreszensondenmethoden (Fluoreszenzerholung nach Photobleichung (FRAP), Fluoreszenzmikroskopie und Fluoreszenzspektroskopie) untersucht. Diffusions- und Spreitverhalten von amphiphilen Monoschichten auf Polymersubstraten wurden auf der Basis von in dieser Arbeit entwickelten physikalischen Modellen diskutiert. Mittels Langmuir-Schäfer Transfer wurde auf polymerunterstützte Lipidmonoschichten eine zweite Monoschicht übertragen. Die somit erhaltenen Lipid-Doppelschichtmembranen wurden bezüglich ihrer Stabilität, der lateralen Struktur, der lateralen Selbstdiffusion, des Spreitverhaltens auf unbedeckte Bereiche sowie der Stärke der Membran/Substrat Wechselwirkung vermittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie, FRAP und Interferenz-Kontrast-Mikroskopie (RICM) untersucht. Schließlich wurden substratgestützte Doppelschicht-Lipidmembranen mit als Protonenpumpen fungierenden integralen Membranproteinen versehen. Die laterale Selbstdiffusion der rekonstituierten Proteinmoleküle wurde mittels FRAP, die funktionale Aktivität der Protonenpumpen mit einem Ionen-sensitiven Feldeffekttransistor-Array analysiert.