Finite element modeling of the cement-bone interface beneath the tibial tray of a total knee arthroplasty: Study of the stress shielding effect (modellazione agli elementi finiti dell'interfaccia cemento-osso sotto il piatto tibiale di protesi totale di ginocchio: Analisi dello stress shielding)

The goal of this thesis was the study of the cement-bone interface in the tibial component of a cemented total knee prosthesis. One of the things you can see in specimens after in vivo service is that resorption of bone occurs in the interdigitated region between bone and cement. A stress shielding effect was investigated as a cause to explain bone resorption. Stress shielding occurs when bone is loaded less than physiological and therefore it starts remodeling according to the new loading conditions. µCT images were used to obtain 3D models of the bone and cement structure and a Finite Element Analysis was used to simulate different kind of loads. Resorption was also simulated by performing erosion operations in the interdigitated bone region. Finally, 4 models were simulated: bone (trabecular), bone with cement, and two models of bone with cement after progressive erosions of the bone. Compression, tension and shear test were simulated for each model in displacement-control until 2% of strain. The results show how the principal strain and Von Mises stress decrease after adding the cement on the structure and after the erosion operations. These results show that a stress shielding effect does occur and rises after resorption starts.

Surface cloud radiative forcing from broadband radiation measurements on the Antarctic plateau

Surface based measurements systems play a key role in defining the ground truth for climate modeling and satellite product validation. The Italian-French station of Concordia is operative year round since 2005 at Dome C (75°S, 123°E, 3230 m) on the East Antarctic Plateau. A Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) site was deployed and became operational since January 2006 to measure downwelling components of the radiation budget, and successively was expanded in April 2007 to measure upwelling radiation. Hence, almost a decade of measurement is now available and suitable to define a statistically significant climatology for the radiation budget of Concordia including eventual trends, by specifically assessing the effects of clouds and water vapor on SW and LW net radiation. A well known and robust clear sky-id algorithm (Long and Ackerman, 2000) has been operationally applied on downwelling SW components to identify cloud free events and to fit a parametric equation to determine clear-sky reference along the Antarctic daylight periods (September to April). A new model for surface broadband albedo has been developed in order to better describe the features the area. Then, a novel clear-sky LW parametrization, based on a-priori assumption about inversion layer structure, combined with daily and annual oscillations of the surface temperature, have been adopted and validated. The longwave based method is successively exploited to extend cloud radiative forcing studies to nighttime period (winter). Results indicated inter-annual and intra-annual warming behaviour, i.e. 13.70 W/m2 on the average, specifically approaching neutral effect in summer, when SW CRF compensates LW CRF, and warming along the rest of the year due prevalentely to CRF induced on the LW component.

Analisi di una stazione permanente GNSS posta sul Plateau Antartico

Attraverso lo studio di serie temporali di coordinate è possibile studiare l'entità degli spostamenti, nel tempo, di punti materializzati sulla Terra. In particolare, si incentra l'attenzione sull'analisi della stazione permanente GNSS DCRU collocata presso la base italo-francese Concordia, così da valutare il campo di velocità di deflusso superficiale del ghiaccio in una porzione di plateau dell’Antartide orientale sede della perforazione profonda in ghiaccio del progetto European Project for Ice Coring in Antarctica (EPICA) . Tale stazione è stata inserita in una rete di inquadramento dell'IGS e ha acquisito dati satellitari dal 2005 a oggi, raccolti giornalmente in file RINEX. Tramite l'utilizzo del software Bernese versione 5.2 è stato possibile ottenere dai file RINEX i file SINEX contenenti le soluzioni giornaliere, che costituiscono la serie temporale, e le relative varianze e covarianze. Avvalendosi del programma Tsview implementato per GGMatlab si sono poi valutate le componenti principali che caratterizzano una serie temporale, quali il trend, le componenti stagionali ed i rumori che giocano, talvolta, un ruolo importante nella valutazione dell'incertezza legata alle misure. Infine si è cercato di dare un'interpretazione fisica ai risultati che sono tutt'ora oggetto di studio. In questa tesi, quindi, si delinea un quadro generale delle procedure e delle problematiche da affrontare, sia per ottenere dall'acquisizione satellitare le soluzioni giornaliere costituenti la serie temporale, sia per analizzare la serie stessa.