Content characterization of 3D Videos

Il principale scopo di questa tesi è focalizzato alla ricerca di una caratterizzazione dei contenuti in video 3D. In una prima analisi, le complessità spaziale e temporale di contenuti 3D sono state studiate seguendo le convenzionali tecniche applicate a video 2D. In particolare, Spatial Information (SI) e Temporal Information (TI) sono i due indicatori utilizzati nella caratterizzazione 3D di contenuti spaziali e temporali. Per presentare una descrizione completa di video 3D, deve essere considerata anche la caratterizzazione in termini di profondità. A questo riguardo, nuovi indicatori di profondità sono stati proposti sulla base di valutazioni statistiche degli istogrammi di mappe di profondità. Il primo depth indicator è basato infatti sullo studio della media e deviazione standard della distribuzione dei dati nella depth map. Un'altra metrica proposta in questo lavoro stima la profondità basandosi sul calcolo dell’entropia della depth map. Infine, il quarto algoritmo implementato applica congiuntamente una tecnica di sogliatura (thresholding technique) e analizza i valori residui dell’istogramma calcolando l’indice di Kurtosis. Gli algoritmi proposti sono stati testati con un confronto tra le metriche proposte in questo lavoro e quelle precedenti, ma anche con risultati di test soggettivi. I risultati sperimentali mostrano l’efficacia delle soluzioni proposte nel valutare la profondità in video 3D. Infine, uno dei nuovi indicatori è stato applicato ad un database di video 3D per completare la caratterizzazione di contenuti 3D.

Quality of experience in skype video calls

Skype is one of the well-known applications that has guided the evolution of real-time video streaming and has become one of the most used software in everyday life. It provides VoIP audio/video calls as well as messaging chat and file transfer. Many versions are available covering all the principal operating systems like Windows, Macintosh and Linux but also mobile systems. Voice quality decreed Skype success since its birth in 2003 and peer-to-peer architecture has allowed worldwide diffusion. After video call introduction in 2006 Skype became a complete solution to communicate between two or more people. As a primarily video conferencing application, Skype assumes certain characteristics of the delivered video to optimize its perceived quality. However in the last years, and with the recent release of SkypeKit1, many new Skype video-enabled devices came out especially in the mobile world. This forced a change to the traditional recording, streaming and receiving settings allowing for a wide range of network and content dynamics. Video calls are not anymore based on static ‘chatting’ but mobile devices have opened new possibilities and can be used in several scenarios. For instance, lecture streaming or one-to-one mobile video conferences exhibit more dynamics as both caller and callee might be on move. Most of these cases are different from “head&shoulder” only content. Therefore, Skype needs to optimize its video streaming engine to cover more video types. Heterogeneous connections require different behaviors and solutions and Skype must face with this variety to maintain a certain quality independently from connection used. Part of the present work will be focused on analyzing Skype behavior depending on video content. Since Skype protocol is proprietary most of the studies so far have tried to characterize its traffic and to reverse engineer its protocol. However, questions related to the behavior of Skype, especially on quality as perceived by users, remain unanswered. We will study Skype video codecs capabilities and video quality assessment. Another motivation of our work is the design of a mechanism that estimates the perceived cost of network conditions on Skype video delivery. To this extent we will try to assess in an objective way the impact of network impairments on the perceived quality of a Skype video call. Traditional video streaming schemes lack the necessary flexibility and adaptivity that Skype tries to achieve at the edge of a network. Our contribution will lye on a testbed and consequent objective video quality analysis that we will carry out on input videos. We will stream raw video files with Skype via an impaired channel and then we will record it at the receiver side to analyze with objective quality of experience metrics.

"Romanzo criminale - la serie". Analisi del sottotitolaggio spagnolo amatoriale.

This dissertation focuses on the phenomenon of amateur subtitling, known as fansubbing. Although this phenomenon began in the late ‘80s, in recent years amateur subtitling has spread worldwide, thanks to both Internet and fan communities, also known as fandoms. At first, amateur subtitling was mainly centred on the translation of Japanese cartoons, but nowadays fandoms also tend to subtitle other kinds of audiovisual products, such as American TV series. Thanks to fansubbing, which is created by fans for other fans, fandoms claim that they would prefer to have subtitled rather than dubbed versions of audiovisual products, which is the norm in Italy and Spain. The dissertation provides a linguistic analysis of the fansubbing in Spanish of the Italian TV series Romanzo Criminale. The purpose of this dissertation is to analyse fansubbing from the linguistic point of view, as well as from the point of view of the translation. Furthermore, it aims to evaluate to what extent this translation can be compared to professional subtitling. The first chapter offers an introduction to the TV series and provides an overview of the main events and characters. The second chapter deals with an analysis of the strategies that fansubbers use to translate cultural elements from Italian into Spanish. The third chapter focuses on linguistic mistakes due to calques and linguistic interference between Italian and Spanish. The fourth chapter provides an analysis of some translation errors which occurred during the decoding of the original text. The aim is to understand if this kind of mistake might jeopardize the comprehension of the original message.