Characterization of integrated Bragg gratings in silicon-on-insulator

Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is rapidly emerging as a very promising material platform for integrated photonics. As it combines the potential for optoelectronic integration with the low-cost and large volume manufacturing capabilities and they are already accumulate a huge amount of applications in areas like sensing, quantum optics, optical telecommunications and metrology. One of the main limitations of current technology is that waveguide propagation losses are still much higher than in standard glass-based platform because of many reasons such as bends, surface roughness and the very strong optical confinement provided by SOI. Such high loss prevents the fabrication of efficient optical resonators and complex devices severely limiting the current potential of the SOI platform. The project in the first part deals with the simple waveguides loss problem and trying to link that with the polarization problem and the loss based on Fabry-Perot Technique. The second part of the thesis deals with the Bragg Grating characterization from again the point of view of the polarization effect which leads to a better stop-band use filters. To a better comprehension a brief review on the basics of the SOI and the integrated Bragg grating ends up with the fabrication techniques and some of its applications will be presented in both parts, until the end of both the third and the fourth chapters to some results which hopefully make its precedent explanations easier to deal with.

Stima della complianza arteriosa totale: il metodo "Pulse Pressure"

L’incidenza di patologie cardiovascolari come ipertensione e aterosclerosi è in progressivo aumento nel mondo, sia a causa del maggiore sviluppo di fattori di rischio quali obesità, sedentarietà e diabete, dovuti al tenore di vita che caratterizza la popolazione, specialmente quella risiedente in paesi sviluppati e con un alto tenore di vita, sia a causa dell’aumento dell’aspettativa di vita. Sembra quindi possibile considerare la complianza arteriosa totale e, in particolare, la complianza del primo tratto di aorta come un importante indice per la prevenzione e la valutazione del rischio della patologia arteriosa. La valutazione di questo parametro è però difficile da effettuare in vivo, motivo per cui diversi metodi sono stati sviluppati, alcuni basati sul modello Windkessel a due elementi, modello della circolazione sistemica proposto per la prima volta da Otto Frank nel 1899, altri su quello a tre. I primi risultano più accurati dei secondi. Tra i metodi di stima della complianza arteriosa totale ve ne è uno, il Pulse Pressure Method (PPM), ovvero metodo della pressione differenziale che, introdotto per la prima volta da Stergiopulos nel 1994, si è dimostrato essere tanto semplice quanto accurato. Questo consiste nel trovare il miglior valore di complianza che minimizzi, dopo opportune iterazioni, l’errore tra la pressione differenziale misurata, e quella calcolata in uscita da un modello Windkessel a due elementi. I vantaggi nell’uso di questo metodo non sono pochi: esso infatti non richiede flusso nullo in aorta ed è perciò applicabile in qualsiasi punto dell’albero arterioso, fornisce il valore della complianza alla pressione media Pm e necessita della sola conoscenza della pressione differenziale aortica e del flusso aortico, ottenibili non invasivamente. Studiando i risultati ottenuti, infine, si è visto come l’aorta prossimale, ovvero il tratto di aorta ascendente e l’arco aortico, sia il principale determinante della complianza arteriosa totale.

Pulse shape studies of neutral particles with a liquid scintillator

The hadrontherapy exploits beams of charged particles against deep cancers. These ions have a depth-dose profile in which there is a little release of energy at the beginning of their path, whereas there is a sharp maximum, the Bragg Peak, near its end path. However, if heavy ions are used, the fragmentation of the projectile can happen and the fragments can release some dose outside the treatment volume beyond the Bragg peak. The fragmentation process takes place also when the Galactic Cosmic Rays at high energy hit the spaceship during space missions. In both cases some neutrons can be produced and if they interact with the absorbing materials nuclei some secondary particles are generated which can release energy. For this reason, studies about the cross section measurements of the fragments generated during the collisions of heavy ions against the tissues nuclei are very important. In this context, the FragmentatiOn Of Target (FOOT) experiment was born, and aims at measuring the differential and double differential fragmentation cross sections for different kinetic energies relevant to hadrontherapy and space radioprotection with high accuracy. Since during fragmentation processes also neutrons are produced, tests of a neutron detection system are ongoing. In particular, recently a neutron detector made up of a liquid organic scintillator, BC-501A with neutrons/gammas discrimination capability was studied, and it represents the core of this thesis. More in details, an analysis of the data collected at the GSI laboratory, in Darmstadt, Germany, is effectuated which consists in discriminating neutral and charged particles and then to separate neutrons from gammas. From this analysis, a preliminary energy-differential reaction cross-section for the production of neutrons in the 16O + (C_2H_4)_(n) and 16O + C reactions was estimated.