Studio del comportamento meccanico di compositi ottenuti per SMC

I materiali compositi più diffusi sono quelli a matrice polimerica (PMC, Polymer Matrix Composites) con fibre di rinforzo, largamente utilizzati per la loro capacità di conciliare ottima resistenza meccanica con elevata leggerezza. Nel presente elaborato di tesi sono state studiate le caratteristiche meccaniche di materiali compositi a matrice resinosa, epossidica, rinforzati con fibre di carbonio chopped, ovvero fibre spezzate e disposte in modo del tutto casuale all’interno della matrice, mediante analisi microstrutturale e prove di trazione. Viene descritto il processo di produzione delle piastre di materiale composito ottenuto per SMC (Sheet Moulding Compound) da cui sono stati ricavati i provini. Lo studio a livello microstrutturale è stato possibile grazie all’inglobamento nella resina di alcune sezioni dei provini, le cui superfici sono state esaminate al microscopio acquisendo una quantità di immagini tale da permettere la ricostruzione della superficie stessa tramite software ed il calcolo percentuale delle porosità tramite SolidWorks. La caratterizzazione meccanica è stata eseguita utilizzando la macchina per le prove di trazione presente nell’hangar della sede di Forlì della Scuola di Ingegneria e Architettura dell’Università di Bologna: la preparazione dei provini è basata sull’applicazione di tabs di alluminio. I provini in materiale composito sono stati forniti in quattro differenti tipologie riguardanti la pressione a cui sono stati prodotti: 25, 50, 100 e 150 bar. Lo scopo dell’elaborato è stabilire la pressione ottimale di produzione dei provini, a cui il materiale composito mostra le migliori proprietà meccaniche, in particolare la più alta resistenza a carico di trazione. Le prove sono state condotte su provini a tre diverse lunghezze, per diversificare le modalità di stress meccanico. I risultati sono stati poi analizzati per stabilire quale valore di pressione di processo conferisce le migliori caratteristiche meccaniche al materiale.

Synthesis of Metal-Binding Ligand-Containing Copolymers, Nanoparticles and Blends

In this thesis we developed three copper-containing systems. Copper shows intriguing abilities in photocatalysis, however, one of the major limitations of many copper complexes is that photochemical properties might be quenched in solution caused by π-interactions between solvent and solute, due to Jahn-Teller distortion in the excited state. As such, we herein seek to synthesise copper heteroleptic complexes that will subsequently be nanoprecipitated with a polymer. This will allow the polymer to encase the complex and prevent the solvent-induced quenching. Subsequently, the preparation of blends of polymer with the aforementioned copper complexes, at different weight ratios is sought. The preparation of the blend is particularly interesting as the catalytic properties are anticipated to be inferior on account of the low surface area. However, owing to the polymer matrix better, mechanical properties are anticipated. The blends can combine the mechanical properties of the polymer and the luminescence of the complex, with the advantage that the polymer matrix can also prevent quenching from oxygen. As final task, we developed a copper-containing monomer. The synthesis of a monomer that contains copper and can be excited under ultraviolet (UV) light is particularly interesting.

Determinazione gascromatografica di composti organici volatili e semi-volatili (VOCs e SVOCs) in poliolefine ed effetti delle condizioni di lavorazione

A relevant problem of polyolefins processing is the presence of volatile and semi-volatile compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) such as linear chains alkanes found out in final products. These VOCs can be detected by customers from the unpleasant smelt and can be an environmental issue, at the same time they can cause negative side effects during process. Since no previously standardized analytical techniques for polymeric matrix are available in bibliography, we have implemented different VOCs extraction methods and gaschromatographic analysis for quali-quantitative studies of such compounds. In literature different procedures can be found including microwave extraction (MAE) and thermo desorption (TDS) used with different purposes. TDS coupled with GC-MS are necessary for the identification of different compounds in the polymer matrix. Although the quantitative determination is complex, the results obtained from TDS/GC-MS show that by-products are mainly linear chains oligomers with even number of carbon in a C8-C22 range (for HDPE). In order to quantify these linear alkanes by-products, a more accurate GC-FID determination with internal standard has been run on MAE extracts. Regardless the type of extruder used, it is difficult to distinguish the effect of the various processes, which in any case entails having a lower-boiling substance content, lower than the corresponding virgin polymer. The two HDPEs studied can be distinguished on the basis of the quantity of analytes found, therefore the production process is mainly responsible for the amount of VOCs and SVOCs observed. The extruder technology used by Sacmi SC allows to obtain a significant reduction in VOCs compared to the conventional screw system. Thus, the result is significantly important as a lower quantity of volatile substances certainly leads to a lower migration of such materials, especially when used for food packaging.

Extraction of antioxidants from corn by-products for applications in bio-based polymer matrices

The objective of this dissertation is the evaluation of the exploitability of corn cobs as natural additives for bio-based polymer matrices, in order to hone their properties while keeping the fundamental quality of being fully bio-derived. The first part of the project has the purpose of finding the best solvent and conditions to extract antioxidants and anti-degrading molecules from corn cobs, exploiting room and high-temperature processes, traditional and advanced extraction methods, as well as polar and nonpolar solvents. The extracts in their entirety are then analysed to evaluate their antioxidant content, in order to select the conditions able to maximise their anti-degrading properties. The second part of the project, instead, focuses on assessing chemical and physical properties of the best-behaving extract when inserted in a polymeric matrix. To achieve this, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and poly (butylene succinate – co – adipate) (PBSA) are employed. These samples are obtained through extrusion and are subsequently characterised exploiting the DSC equipment and a sinusoidally oscillating rheometer. In addition, extruded polymeric matrices are subjected to thermal and photo ageing, in order to identify their behaviour after different forms of degradation and to assess their performances with respect to synthetically produced anti-degrading additives.