Resine bio-based da oli vegetali: applicazioni industriali in prodotti vernicianti rinnovabili a basso impatto ambientale

La tesi riguarda lo studio di resine polimeriche derivanti da oli vegetali, impiegabili come leganti nei prodotti vernicianti per l’edilizia ed altri settori. I prodotti vernicianti plant-based sono stati confrontati con altri prodotti attualmente commercializzati, provenienti da fonti fossili. Considerata la produzione ingente dei prodotti vernicianti su base mondiale (8,31 kg/persona) sarebbe determinante impiegare delle fonti rinnovabili per garantirne una produzione sostenibile, diminuendo l’inquinamento, ritardando l’esaurimento del petrolio e riducendo le emissioni di CO2 e di conseguenza l’effetto serra ed il cambiamento climatico. Sono state trattate, quindi, alcune vie di sintesi “green” di leganti poliuretanici ed epossidici per prodotti vernicianti ad elevate prestazioni. Gli oli vegetali sono stati scelti come materie prime in quanto relativamente economici e disponibili in grandi quantità, risultando adatti per produzioni su scala industriale. Sono inoltre riportati i metodi di formulazione di uno smalto opaco bio-based per esterni (ad es. infissi e staccionate) e una vernice opaca per parquet (interni). Le formulazioni sperimentali sono state poi caratterizzate e confrontate con altri prodotti fossil-based presenti in commercio. I prodotti vernicianti sono stati sottoposti a test di brillantezza (gloss), adesione, presa di sporco, durezza, resistenza all’abrasione e resistenza chimica.

Design of an indirectly fired gas turbine integrated with an organic rankine cycle unit for combined heat and power production

In the last years, the European countries have paid increasing attention to renewable sources and greenhouse emissions. The Council of the European Union and the European Parliament have established ambitious targets for the next years. In this scenario, biomass plays a prominent role since its life cycle produces a zero net carbon dioxide emission. Additionally, biomass can ensure plant operation continuity thanks to its availability and storage ability. Several conventional systems running on biomass are available at the moment. Most of them are performant either in the large-scale or in the small power range. The absence of an efficient system on the small-middle scale inspired this thesis project. The object is an innovative plant based on a wet indirectly fired gas turbine (WIFGT) integrated with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit for combined heat and power production. The WIFGT is a performant system in the small-middle power range; the ORC cycle is capable of giving value to low-temperature heat sources. Their integration is investigated in this thesis with the aim of carrying out a preliminary design of the components. The targeted plant output is around 200 kW in order not to need a wide cultivation area and to avoid biomass shipping. Existing in-house simulation tools are used: They are adapted to this purpose. Firstly the WIFGT + ORC model is built; Zero-dimensional models of heat exchangers, compressor, turbines, furnace, dryer and pump are used. Different fluids are selected but toluene and benzene turn out to be the most suitable. In the indirectly fired gas turbine a pressure ratio around 4 leads to the highest efficiency. From the thermodynamic analysis the system shows an electric efficiency of 38%, outdoing other conventional plants in the same power range. The combined plant is designed to recover thermal energy: Water is used as coolant in the condenser. It is heated from 60°C up to 90°C, ensuring the possibility of space heating. Mono-dimensional models are used to design the heat exchange equipment. Different types of heat exchangers are chosen depending on the working temperature. A finned-plate heat exchanger is selected for the WIFGT heat transfer equipment due to the high temperature, oxidizing and corrosive environment. A once-through boiler with finned tubes is chosen to vaporize the organic fluid in the ORC. A plate heat exchanger is chosen for the condenser and recuperator. A quasi-monodimensional model for single-stage axial turbine is implemented to design both the WIFGT and the ORC turbine. The system simulation after the components design shows an electric efficiency around 34% with a decrease by 10% compared to the zero-dimensional analysis. The work exhibits the system potentiality compared to the existing plants from both technical and economic point of view.

Adeguatezza e sostenibilità dell'alimentazione vegetale in gravidanza: una scoping review.

Introduzione: durante gli ultimi decenni, l’alimentazione vegetale ha acquisito sempre più popolarità tra individui di età e classi eterogenee, rappresentando ad oggi una scelta ben consolidata. Essa mira ad eliminare o quantomeno ridurre il consumo della carne e/o dei suoi derivati, a favore di una dieta più plant-based possibile, differenziandosi in svariati livelli di adesione. Obiettivo: portare alla luce le evidenze disponibili, al fine di indagare se l’alimentazione vegetale in gravidanza sia adeguata, sostenibile e sicura. Metodo: è stata condotta una scoping review, condotta nelle banche dati Pubmed, Medline, Cinahl, Trip Database e Scopus, con le parole chiave ‘Vegan’, ‘Vegetarian’, ‘Midwife’, ‘Pregnancy’, ‘Diet’, ‘Vegan diet’, ‘Plant-based diet’, ‘Vegetarian diet’, ‘Vegan pregnancy’, ‘Vegetarian pregnancy’, ‘Obstetric care’, ‘Counseling’, ‘Plant-based food’, ‘Health outcomes’, ‘Dietary intake’, ‘Nutritional status’, ‘Sustainability’, ‘Dietary patterns’. Sono stati selezionati 27 articoli, con disegni di studio differenti, che rispondevano adeguatamente alla domanda di ricerca. Risultati: l’alimentazione vegetale in gravidanza e allattamento è associata a numerosi outcomes positivi: un minor rischio di obesità pregravidica, eccessivo incremento ponderale, diabete di tipo 2 e gestazionale, patologie cardiovascolari e varie forme tumorali. Per massimizzare questi benefici, è necessario assicurare l’equilibrio energetico, l’adeguatezza nutrizionale e la giusta varietà di vegetali, frutta, cereali integrali, frutta secca e semi. Conclusioni: l’alimentazione vegetale risponde alle richieste dell’organismo e rappresenta in qualsiasi fase del ciclo vitale dell’individuo, compresa la gravidanza, una scelta adeguata e sostenibile, a condizione che segua uno schema ben pianificato. Difatti, quando organizzata e studiata con particolare attenzione ad alcuni nutrienti “critici”, è nutrizionalmente adeguata e apporta rilevanti benefici per la salute materno-fetale.

Verification of rupture disc sizing of Acrylic Reactor

The primary goal of this thesis is to verify the rupture disc sizing of the acrylic reactor. Primarily the test to check the sizing was divided into several stages. It went on to examine ideas to explain the concern and ethical ways, as well as remedies and suggestions to solve the issues and difficulties that were discovered. This thesis will highlight the gathering and arranging of reaction data (recipe composition, enthalpies, reaction temperature, and catalyst feeding times) of the products to be chosen, in accordance with pre-established criteria. To collaborate with the research and development team in the lab to carry out calorimetric testing for the important recipes that have been identified. The verification of the currently installed Rupture Discs in the plant based on the calorimetric test findings is the final stage. This thesis used two separate calorimetry techniques: Phi-TEC II adiabatic calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The target of the experiment is to check and confirm the correct size of the reactor rupture disc. Arkema (Boretto/Coatex) plant (Emilia romagna) provided a recipe and a scenario following multiple meetings and discussions. The purpose of this technical paper is to describe the outcomes of adiabatic calorimetry performed at the lab scale so that the computation of the vents for a particular recipe and scenario can be verified.

SmartForge: An event-driven architecture for simulator-based process optimization

In the metal industry, and more specifically in the forging one, scrap material is a crucial issue and reducing it would be an important goal to reach. Not only would this help the companies to be more environmentally friendly and more sustainable, but it also would reduce the use of energy and lower costs. At the same time, the techniques for Industry 4.0 and the advancements in Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially in the field of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), may have an important role in helping to achieve this objective. This document presents the thesis work, a contribution to the SmartForge project, that was performed during a semester abroad at Karlstad University (Sweden). This project aims at solving the aforementioned problem with a business case of the company Bharat Forge Kilsta, located in Karlskoga (Sweden). The thesis work includes the design and later development of an event-driven architecture with microservices, to support the processing of data coming from sensors set up in the company's industrial plant, and eventually the implementation of an algorithm with DRL techniques to control the electrical power to use in it.