Sea level measurement using single GNSS antenna SNR signals

This thesis presents a possible method to calculate sea level variation using geodetic-quality Global Navigate Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Three antennas are used: two small antennas and a choke ring one, analyzing only Global Positioning System signals. The main goal of the thesis is to test a modified configuration for antenna set up. In particular, measurements obtained tilting one antenna to face the horizon are compared to measurements obtained from antennas looking upward. The location of the experiment is a coastal environment nearby the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. Sea level variations are obtained using periodogram analysis of the SNR signal and compared to synthetic gauge generated from two independent tide gauges. The choke ring antenna provides poor result, with an RMS around 6 cm and a correlation coefficients of 0.89. The smaller antennas provide correlation coefficients around 0.93. The antenna pointing upward present an RMS of 4.3 cm and the one pointing the horizon an RMS of 6.7 cm. Notable variation in the statistical parameters is found when modifying the length of the interval analyzed. In particular, doubts are risen on the reliability of certain scattered data. No relation is found between the accuracy of the method and weather conditions. Possible methods to enhance the available data are investigated, and correlation coefficient above 0.97 can be obtained with small antennas when sacrificing data points. Hence, the results provide evidence of the suitability of SNR signal analysis for sea level variation in coastal environment even in the case of adverse weather conditions. In particular, tilted configurations provides comparable result with upward looking geodetic antennas. A SNR signal simulator is also tested to investigate its performance and usability. Various configuration are analyzed in combination with the periodogram procedure used to calculate the height of reflectors. Consistency between the data calculated and those received is found, and the overall accuracy of the height calculation program is found to be around 5 mm for input height below 5 m. The procedure is thus found to be suitable to analyze the data provided by the GNSS antennas at Onsala.

Theoretical and experimental studies of gold catalysts for glucose oxidation

The glucaric acid (GLA) has been identified as a “top value-added chemical from biomass” that can be employed for many uses; for instance, it could be a precursor of adipic acid, a monomer of Nylon-6,6. GLA can be synthetized by the oxidation of glucose (GLU), passing through the intermediate gluconic acid (GLO). In recent years, a new process has been sought to obtain GLA in an economic and environmental sustainable way, in order to replace the current use of HNO3 as a stoichiometric oxidant, or electrocatalysis and biochemical synthesis, which show several disadvantages. Thereby, this work is focused on the study of catalysts based on gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon for the oxidation reaction of GLU to GLA using O2 as an oxidant agent and NaOH as base. The sol-immobilization method leads us to obtain small and well dispersed nanoparticles, characterized by UV-Vis, XRD and TEM techniques. Repeating the reaction on different batches of catalyst, both the synthesis and the reaction were confirmed to be reproducible. The effect of the reaction time feeding GLO as reagent was studied: the results show that the conversion of GLO increases as the reaction time increases; however, the yields of GLA and others increase up to 1 hour, and then they remain constant. In order to obtain information on the catalytic mechanism at the atomistic level, a computational study based on density functional theory and atomistic modeling of the gold nano-catalyst were performed. Highly symmetric (icosahedral and cubo-octahedral) and distorted Au55 nanoparticles have been optimized along with Au(111) and Au(100) surfaces. Distorted structures were found to be more stable than symmetrical ones due to relativistic effects. On these various models the adsorptions of various species involved in the catalysis have been studied, including OH- species, GLU and GLO. The study carried out aims to provide a method for approaching to the study of nanoparticellary catalytic systems.

Analisi dei tornado del 19 settembre 2021 in Pianura Padana tramite simulazioni numeriche ad altissima risoluzione

Il 19 settembre 2021 si sono formati in poche ore 7 tornado tra Lombardia ed Emilia Romagna, 4 dei quali di intensità F2. Una simile sequenza di tornado in Pianura Padana non ha precedenti. Il caso studio è stato analizzato sia dal punto di vista delle osservazioni che attraverso simulazioni numeriche ad altissima risoluzione con la catena modellistica BOLAM-MOLOCH, allo scopo di comprendere i meccanismi fisici che hanno portato alla genesi delle supercelle tornadiche. E' stata verificata la capacità del modello MOLOCH di simulare accuratamente lo sviluppo delle supercelle, alla luce dei modelli teorici in letteratura. Tramite le osservazioni al suolo, è stato osservato come durante l'evento sulla Pianura Padana si sia creato un "punto triplo", ossia una convergenza tra tre masse d'aria con caratteristiche diverse, nei pressi di dove si sono verificati i tornado. Per l'innesco della convezione è stato fondamentale il contributo di un cut-off low in quota, associato a un fronte freddo al suolo sulla pianura lombarda. Inoltre, l'avvezione di aria umida e instabile dall'Adriatico verso i settori di innesco, in prossimità della superficie, ha rivestito un ruolo rilevante. In Emilia invece è stata probabilmente determinante una convergenza tra il flusso instabile di origine adriatica e il flusso sud-occidentale sceso dagli Appennini. Per quanto riguarda l'intensificazione e il successivo sviluppo delle supercelle e dei tornado, sono state individuate due sorgenti principali di vorticità orizzontale: la vorticità baroclina che si è generata lungo il fronte freddo in Lombardia e la vorticità generata dallo shear verticale in presenza di un low-level jet. La circolazione nei bassi strati atmosferici ha trasportato la vorticità generata da entrambe queste sorgenti verso i sistemi convettivi in Lombardia, dove il processo di tilting ha trasformato la vorticità orizzontale in vorticità verticale ciclonica.