Advanced numerical modeling of masonry vaulted structures based on BIM parametric geometry generation

Vaults are an architectural element which during construction history have been built with a great variety of different materials, shapes, and sizes. The shape of these structural elements was often dependent by the necessity to cover complex spaces, by the needed loading capacity, or by architectural aesthetics. Within this complex scenario masonry patterns generates also different effects on loading capacity, load percolation and stiffness of the structure. These effects were been extensively investigated, both with empirical observations and with modern numerical methods. While most of them focus on analyzing the load bearing capacity or the texture effect on vaulted structures, the aim of this analysis is to investigate on the effects of the variation of a single structural characteristic on the load percolation in the vault. Moreover, an additional purpose of the work is related to the coding of a parametrical model aiming at generating different masonry vaulted structures. Nevertheless, proposed script can generate different typology of vaulted structure basing on some structural characteristics, such as the span and the length to cover and the dimensions of the blocks.

Comparison of EEG signals from epilepsy patients with Bump modeling

Background: l’epilessia è una malattia cerebrale che colpisce oggigiorno circa l’1% della popolazione mondiale e causa, a chi ne soffre, convulsioni ricorrenti e improvvise che danneggiano la vita quotidiana del paziente. Le convulsioni sono degli eventi che bloccano istantaneamente la normale attività cerebrale; inoltre differiscono tra i pazienti e, perciò, non esiste un trattamento comune generalizzato. Solitamente, medici neurologi somministrano farmaci, e, in rari casi, l’epilessia è trattata con operazioni neurochirurgiche. Tuttavia, le operazioni hanno effetti positivi nel ridurre le crisi, ma raramente riescono a eliminarle del tutto. Negli ultimi anni, nel campo della ricerca scientifica è stato provato che il segnale EEG contiene informazioni utili per diagnosticare l'arrivo di un attacco epilettico. Inoltre, diversi algoritmi automatici sono stati sviluppati per rilevare automaticamente le crisi epilettiche. Scopo: lo scopo finale di questa ricerca è l'applicabilità e l'affidabilità di un dispositivo automatico portatile in grado di rilevare le convulsioni e utilizzabile come sistema di monitoraggio. L’analisi condotta in questo progetto, è eseguita con tecniche di misure classiche e avanzate, in modo tale da provare tecnicamente l’affidabilità di un tale sistema. La comparazione è stata eseguita sui segnali elettroencefalografici utilizzando due diversi sistemi di acquisizione EEG: il metodo standard utilizzato nelle cliniche e il nuovo dispositivo portatile. Metodi: è necessaria una solida validazione dei segnali EEG registrati con il nuovo dispositivo. I segnali saranno trattati con tecniche classiche e avanzate. Dopo le operazioni di pulizia e allineamento, verrà utilizzato un nuovo metodo di rappresentazione e confronto di segnali : Bump model. In questa tesi il metodo citato verrà ampiamente descritto, testato, validato e adattato alle esigenze del progetto. Questo modello è definito come un approccio economico per la mappatura spazio-frequenziale di wavelet; in particolare, saranno presenti solo gli eventi con un’alta quantità di energia. Risultati: il modello Bump è stato implementato come toolbox su MATLAB dallo sviluppatore F. Vialatte, e migliorato dall’Autore per l’utilizzo di registrazioni EEG da sistemi diversi. Il metodo è validato con segnali artificiali al fine di garantire l’affidabilità, inoltre, è utilizzato su segnali EEG processati e allineati, che contengono eventi epilettici. Questo serve per rilevare la somiglianza dei due sistemi di acquisizione. Conclusioni: i risultati visivi garantiscono la somiglianza tra i due sistemi, questa differenza la si può notare specialmente comparando i grafici di attività background EEG e quelli di artefatti o eventi epilettici. Bump model è uno strumento affidabile per questa applicazione, e potrebbe essere utilizzato anche per lavori futuri (ad esempio utilizzare il metodo di Sincronicità Eventi Stocas- tici SES) o differenti applicazioni, così come le informazioni estratte dai Bump model potrebbero servire come input per misure di sincronicità, dalle quali estrarre utili risultati.

HBIM methodology for structural preservation of historical buildings: the semantic modeling of the San Felice sul Panaro fortress

Building Information Modelling is changing the design and construction field ever since it entered the market. It took just some time to show its capabilities, it takes some time to be mastered before it could be used expressing all its best features. Since it was conceived to be adopted from the earliest stage of design to get the maximum from the decisional project, it still struggles to adapt to existing buildings. In fact, there is a branch of this methodology that is dedicated to what has been already made that is called Historic BIM or HBIM. This study aims to make clear what are BIM and HBIM, both from a theoretical point of view and in practice, applying from scratch the state of the art to a case study. It had been chosen the fortress of San Felice sul Panaro, a marvellous building with a thousand years of history in its bricks, that suffered violent earthquakes, but it is still standing. By means of this example, it will be shown which are the limits that could be encountered when applying BIM methodology to existing heritage, moreover will be pointed out all the new features that a simple 2D design could not achieve.

Nonlinear modelling of non-structural masonry walls under a low-intensity earthquake motion: calibration through a parametric study

This thesis aims to understand the behavior of a low-rise unreinforced masonry building (URM), the typical residential house in the Netherlands, when subjected to low-intensity earthquakes. In fact, in the last decades, the Groningen region was hit by several shallow earthquakes caused by the extraction of natural gas. In particular, the focus is addressed to the internal non-structural walls and to their interaction with the structural parts of the building. A simple and cost-efficient 2D FEM model is developed, focused on the interfaces representing mortar layers that are present between the non-structural walls and the rest of the structure. As a reference for geometries and materials, it has been taken into consideration a prototype that was built in full-scale at the EUCENTRE laboratory of Pavia (Italy). Firstly, a quasi-static analysis is performed by gradually applying a prescribed displacement on the roof floor of the structure. Sensitivity analyses are conducted on some key parameters characterizing mortar. This analysis allows for the calibration of their values and the evaluation of the reliability of the model. Successively, a transient analysis is performed to effectively subject the model to a seismic action and hence also evaluate the mechanical response of the building over time. Moreover, it was possible to compare the results of this analysis with the displacements recorded in the experimental tests by creating a model representing the entire considered structure. As a result, some conditions for the model calibration are defined. The reliability of the model is then confirmed by both the reasonable results obtained from the sensitivity analysis and the compatibility of the values obtained for the top displacement of the roof floor of the experimental test, and the same value acquired from the structural model.

Computational Analysis Based on Parametric Models of Historic Masonry Vaulted Structures Strengthened by Fiber-Reinforced Composite Materials

Historic vaulted masonry structures often need strengthening interventions that can effectively improve their structural performance, especially during seismic events, and at the same time respect the existing setting and the modern conservation requirements. In this context, the use of innovative materials such as fiber-reinforced composite materials has been shown as an effective solution that can satisfy both aspects. This work aims to provide insight into the computational modeling of a full-scale masonry vault strengthened by fiber-reinforced composite materials and analyze the influence of the arrangement of the reinforcement on the efficiency of the intervention. At first, a parametric model of a cross vault focusing on a realistic representation of its micro-geometry is proposed. Then numerical modeling, simulating the pushover analyses, of several barrel vaults reinforced with different reinforcement configurations is performed. Finally, the results are collected and discussed in terms of force-displacement curves obtained for each proposed configuration.