Calculation of the eigenfunctions of the two-group neutron diffusion equation and application to modal decomposition of BWR instabilities

In this thesis, numerical methods aiming at determining the eigenfunctions, their adjoint and the corresponding eigenvalues of the two-group neutron diffusion equations representing any heterogeneous system are investigated. First, the classical power iteration method is modified so that the calculation of modes higher than the fundamental mode is possible. Thereafter, the Explicitly-Restarted Arnoldi method, belonging to the class of Krylov subspace methods, is touched upon. Although the modified power iteration method is a computationally-expensive algorithm, its main advantage is its robustness, i.e. the method always converges to the desired eigenfunctions without any need from the user to set up any parameter in the algorithm. On the other hand, the Arnoldi method, which requires some parameters to be defined by the user, is a very efficient method for calculating eigenfunctions of large sparse system of equations with a minimum computational effort. These methods are thereafter used for off-line analysis of the stability of Boiling Water Reactors. Since several oscillation modes are usually excited (global and regional oscillations) when unstable conditions are encountered, the characterization of the stability of the reactor using for instance the Decay Ratio as a stability indicator might be difficult if the contribution from each of the modes are not separated from each other. Such a modal decomposition is applied to a stability test performed at the Swedish Ringhals-1 unit in September 2002, after the use of the Arnoldi method for pre-calculating the different eigenmodes of the neutron flux throughout the reactor. The modal decomposition clearly demonstrates the excitation of both the global and regional oscillations. Furthermore, such oscillations are found to be intermittent with a time-varying phase shift between the first and second azimuthal modes.

Monte Carlo simulation of the WENDI-2 neutron dosimeter

Il presente lavoro di tesi, sviluppato nell’arco di sei mesi presso l’Institut Supérieur Industriel de Bruxelles (ISIB) in collaborazione con Ion Beam Application Group (IBA, Louvain la Neuve), ha come principale soggetto lo studio della risposta del rem meter WENDI-2 commercializzato da Thermo Scientific. Lo studio si è basato principalmente sull’uso del codice Monte Carlo MCNPX 2.5.0, simulando la risposta del detector sia in caso di campi di radiazione neutronica monoenergetici sia in corrispondenza di spettri neutronici continui. La prima fase è stata dedicata alla modellizzazione MCNPX del rem counter, consentendo così la valutazione della sua funzione risposta. Questa è stata ricostruita interpolando 93 punti, ciascuno calcolato in corrispondenza di un singolo valore di energia di una sorgente puntiforme, compreso tra 1 meV e 5 GeV. In tal caso è stata rilevata un’ottima corrispondenza tra i risultati ottenuti e quelli riportati nella letteratura scientifica esistente. In una seconda fase, al fine di ottenere informazioni sulla risposta di WENDI II in corrispondenza di campi complessi di radiazione, simulazioni MCNPX sono state realizzate riproducendo un ambiente di lavoro esistente presso la sede IBA di Louvain la Neuve: la risposta del detector è stata valutata in corrispondenza di 9 diverse posizioni all’interno di un bunker contenente un ciclotrone PET (18 MeV H-), implicando la rilevazione di campi di radiazione neutronica continui ed estesi dalle energie termiche fino a 18 MeV. I risultati ottenuti sono stati infine comparati con i valori di dose ambiente equivalente calcolata nelle stesse condizioni di irraggiamento.

Neutron radiation resistance of photomultipliers for the LUCID detector in the ATLAS experiment at LHC

Durante il Long Shutdown 1 di LHC sono stati cambiati i fotomoltiplicatori del rivelatore di luminosità LUCID di ATLAS. I due modelli candidati per la sostituzione sono stati sottoposti a test di resistenza alla radiazione di gamma e neutroni. In questa tesi si riportano i risultati delle misure di dark current, risposta spettrale, guadagno relativo e assoluto, prima e dopo l’irraggiamento con neutroni. L’unica differenza di rilievo riguarda un aumento della dark current, gli altri parametri non presentano variazioni entro la precisione delle misure. Non ci sono differenze sostanziali tra i due modelli per quanto riguarda la resistenza alle radiazioni.

The contribution of the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method to the determination of solute mass flux in an alluvial aquifer.

Groundwater represents one of the most important resources of the world and it is essential to prevent its pollution and to consider remediation intervention in case of contamination. According to the scientific community the characterization and the management of the contaminated sites have to be performed in terms of contaminant fluxes and considering their spatial and temporal evolution. One of the most suitable approach to determine the spatial distribution of pollutant and to quantify contaminant fluxes in groundwater is using control panels. The determination of contaminant mass flux, requires measurement of contaminant concentration in the moving phase (water) and velocity/flux of the groundwater. In this Master Thesis a new solute flux mass measurement approach, based on an integrated control panel type methodology combined with the Finite Volume Point Dilution Method (FVPDM), for the monitoring of transient groundwater fluxes, is proposed. Moreover a new adsorption passive sampler, which allow to capture the variation of solute concentration with time, is designed. The present work contributes to the development of this approach on three key points. First, the ability of the FVPDM to monitor transient groundwater fluxes was verified during a step drawdown test at the experimental site of Hermalle Sous Argentau (Belgium). The results showed that this method can be used, with optimal results, to follow transient groundwater fluxes. Moreover, it resulted that performing FVPDM, in several piezometers, during a pumping test allows to determine the different flow rates and flow regimes that can occurs in the various parts of an aquifer. The second field test aiming to determine the representativity of a control panel for measuring mass flus in groundwater underlined that wrong evaluations of Darcy fluxes and discharge surfaces can determine an incorrect estimation of mass fluxes and that this technique has to be used with precaution. Thus, a detailed geological and hydrogeological characterization must be conducted, before applying this technique. Finally, the third outcome of this work concerned laboratory experiments. The test conducted on several type of adsorption material (Oasis HLB cartridge, TDS-ORGANOSORB 10 and TDS-ORGANOSORB 10-AA), in order to determine the optimum medium to dimension the passive sampler, highlighted the necessity to find a material with a reversible adsorption tendency to completely satisfy the request of the new passive sampling technique.