Preparation and characterization of grafted nonwoven membranes for bioseparations

Protein purification plays a crucial role in biotechnology and biomanufacturing, where downstream unit operations account for 40%-80% of the overall costs. To overcome this issue, companies strive to simplify the separation process by reducing the number of steps and replacing expensive separation devices. In this context, commercially available polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) melt-blown nonwoven membranes have been developed as a novel disposable membrane chromatography support. The PBT nonwoven membrane is able to capture products and reduce contaminants by ion exchange chromatography. The PBT nonwoven membrane was modified by grafting a poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (GMA) layer by either photo-induced graft polymerization or heat induced graft polymerization. The epoxy groups of GMA monomer were subsequently converted into cation and anion exchangers by reaction with either sulfonic acid groups or diethylamine (DEA), respectively. Several parameters of the procedure were studied, especially the effect of (i) % weight gain and (ii) ligand density on the static protein binding capacity. Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) and human Immunoglobulin G (hIgG) were utilized as model proteins in the anion and cation exchange studies. The performance of ion exchange PBT nonwovens by HIG was evaluated under flow conditions. The anion- and cation- exchange HIG PBT nonwovens were evaluated for their ability to selectively adsorb and elute BSA or hIgG from a mixture of proteins. Cation exchange nonwovens were not able to reach a good protein separation, whereas anion exchange HIG nonwovens were able to absorb and elute BSA with very high value of purity and yield, in only one step of purification.

Surface preparation and characterization of semipolar (20-21) ingan layers

In questa tesi vengono studiate le proprietà fisiche della superficie di eterostrutture InGaN/GaN cresciute con orientazione semipolare (20-21). Questi materiali fornirebbero una valida alternativa alle eterostrutture cresciute secondo la tradizionale direzione di crescita polare (0001) per la realizzazione di LED e diodi laser. I dispositivi cresciuti con orientazione semipolare (20-21) sono studiati soltanto da pochi anni e hanno già fornito dei risultati che incitano significativamente il proseguimento della ricerca in questo campo. Oltre all’ottimizzazione dell’efficienza di questi dispositivi, sono richieste ulteriori ricerche al fine di raccogliere delle informazioni mancanti come un chiaro modello strutturale della superficie (20-21). I capitoli 1 e 2 forniscono un quadro generale sul vasto campo dei semiconduttori basati sui nitruri del terzo gruppo. Il capitolo 1 tratta le proprietà generali, come le caratteristiche della struttura cristallina della wurtzite, l’energy gap e il più comune metodo di crescita epitassiale. Il capitolo 2 tratta le proprietà specifiche della superficie (20-21) come struttura, morfologia e proprietà legate all’eterostruttura InGaN/GaN (incorporazione di indio, strain e spessore critico). Nel capitolo 3 vengono descritte sinteticamente le tecniche sperimentali utilizzate per studiare i campioni di InGaN. Molte di queste tecniche richiedono condizioni operative di alto vuoto e appositi metodi di preparazione superficiale. Nel capitolo 4 vengono discussi i risultati sperimentali riguardanti la preparazione superficiale e le proprietà strutturali dei campioni. Il trattamento termico in ambiente ricco di azoto si rivela essere un metodo molto efficiente per ottenere superfici pulite. La superficie dei campioni presenta una morfologia ondulatoria e una cella unitaria superficiale di forma rettangolare. Nel capitolo 4 vengono discussi i risultati sperimentali relativi alle proprietà elettroniche e ottiche dei campioni. Immagini alla risoluzione atomica rivelano la presenza di ondulazioni alla scala dei nanometri. Vengono misurati l’energy gap e l’incurvamento superficiale della bande. Inoltre vengono identificate una serie di transizioni interbanda dovute all’interfaccia InGaN/GaN.

Preparation and assessment of immobilized laccase-based micro- and nanocatalysts for the degradation of anthropogenic compounds

Since the dawn of its presence on earth, the human being has been able to exploit the enzymes for its subsistence. More recent is the meeting between the enzymatic processes and the urgent need for technologies that aim to preserve our planet. In this field nowadays enzymatic catalysis is tested either to depollution/remediation as well as waste disposal. The work presented in this thesis, regarding both these two topics, is tailored on two European projects (EU 2020), MADFORWATER and TERMINUS respectively. Firstly, production of micro- and nanocatalysts via immobilization of laccases (a lignin-degrader enzyme) is performed. In the second part of the thesis laccase is applied to a tertiary treatment of wastewater with the aim to degrade 9 pharmaceutical active compounds in batch reactors. Despite several optimizations, poor degradation is reached and we did not proceed with the study of different bioreactor setups. Therefore, the focus is moved to a project concerning the production of smart multi-layer plastic packaging containing enzymes to improve the possibilities of recycling. In this field shielded nanocatalysts produced via coating techniques able to interact with redox mediators are investigated. The target substrate in this second project is produced in laboratory (i.e. polyurethane like compounds), starting from monomers whose degradation had already been tested, as a proof of concept. The first enzyme studied is still the laccase.

Preparation and Characterization of Polymeric Beads and Membranes for Boron Removal From Water

Boron is an element essential for various biological processes, nevertheless at high concentration it can cause health issues in both plants and animals, thus making boron a pollutant element. Low cost and effective polymeric adsorbents capable of removing boron in aqueous solution at neutral pH were prepared for this purpose. The adsorbent selectivity towards boron was conferred taking advantage of the interaction between boric acid and the alcoholic groups of N-methyl-D-Glucamine, which are able to form specific complexes. Two different kinds of devices were produced and tested: cross-linked chitosan hydrogel beads (CCBMG) and PVA/chitosan membranes, the latter taking advantage of scCO2-assisted phase inversion technique. The capability of the adsorbents to be regenerated and to allow recovery of boric acid from a solution emulating the concentration of boric acid in seawater were evaluated.

A membrane process to extract Citrus Lemon derived extracellular vesicles

Extra cellular vesicles are membrane bound and lipid based nano particles having the size range of 30 to 1000 nm released by a plethora of cells. Their prime function is cellular communication but in the recent studies, the potential of these vesicles to maintain physiological and pathological processes as well as their nano-sized constituents opened doors to its applications in therapeutics, and diagnostics of variety of diseases such as cancer. Their main constituents include lipids, proteins, and RNAs. They are categorized into subtypes such as exosomes, micro-vesicles and apoptotic bodies In recent studies, extracellular vesicles that are derived from plants are gaining high regard due to their variety of advantages such as safety, non-toxicity, and high availability which promotes large scale production. EVs are isolated from mammalian and plant cells using multitude of techniques such as Ultracentrifugation, SEC, Precipitation and so on. Due to the variety in the sources as well as shortcomings arising from the isolation method, a scalable and inexpensive EV isolation method is yet to be designed. This study focusses on isolation of EVs from citrus lemon juice through diafiltration. Lemon is a promising source due to its biological properties to act as antioxidant, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory agents. Lemon derived vesicles was proven to have several proteins analogous to mammalian vesicles. A diafiltration could be carried out for successful removal of impurities and it is a scalable, continuous technique with potentially lower process times. The concentration of purified product and impurities are analysed using Size Exclusion Chromatography in analytical mode. It is also considered imperative to compare the results from diafiltration with gold standard UC. BCA is proposed to evaluate total protein content and DLS for size measurements. Finally, the ideal mode of storage of EVs to protect its internals and its structure is analysed with storage tests.