In-situ DRIFT/MS study of the conversion of ethanol on mixed Mg/Si oxides

Due to the high price of natural oil and harmful effects of its usage, as the increase in emission of greenhouse gases, the industry focused in searching of sustainable types of the raw materials for production of chemicals. Ethanol, produced by fermentation of sugars, is one of the more interesting renewable materials for chemical manufacturing. There are numerous applications for the conversion of ethanol into commodity chemicals. In particular, the production of 1,3-butadiene whose primary source is ethanol using multifunctional catalysts is attractive. With the 25% of world rubber manufacturers utilizing 1,3-butadiene, there is an exigent need for its sustainable production. In this research, the conversion of ethanol in one-step process to 1,3-butadiene was studied. According to the literature, the mechanisms which were proposed to explain the way ethanol transforms into butadiene require to have both acid and basic sites. But still, there are a lot of debate on this topic. Thus, the aim of this research work is a better understanding of the reaction pathways with all the possible intermediates and products which lead to the formation of butadiene from ethanol. The particular interests represent the catalysts, based on different ratio Mg/Si in comparison to bare magnesia and silica oxides, in order to identify a good combination of acid/basic sites for the adsorption and conversion of ethanol. Usage of spectroscopictechniques are important to extract information that could be helpful for understanding the processes on the molecular level. The diffuse reflectance infrared spectroscopy coupled to mass spectrometry (DRIFT-MS) was used to study the surface composition of the catalysts during the adsorption of ethanol and its transformation during the temperature program. Whereas, mass spectrometry was used to monitor the desorbed products. The set of studied materials include MgO, Mg/Si=0.1, Mg/Si=2, Mg/Si=3, Mg/Si=9 and SiO2 which were also characterized by means of surface area measurements.

Coltivazione di pietre ornamentali: ottimizzazione dei parametri di progetto sulla base di indagini in situ

Coltivazione di pietre ornamentali: ottimizzazione dei parametri di progetto sulla base di indagini in situ

Experimental analysis on the use of CCC systems to analyze the in-situ bearing capacity of C&D materials

Compaction is one of the most important processes in roadway construction. It is needed to achieve high quality and uniformity of pavement materials, which in turn better ensure long lasting performance.

Monitoraggio da dati in situ e telerilevati delle proprietà ottiche delle acque costiere dell’Adriatico a supporto della gestione costiera

Il presente lavoro è stato finalizzato all’analisi delle caratteristiche spettrali delle acque sia da dati in situ che telerilevati, attraverso l’implementazione di algoritmi semi-empirici e modelli bio-ottici dedicati. Inoltre prende in considerazione la correzione delle immagini ottiche per la mappatura delle concentrazioni del particellato sospeso per osservarne la distribuzione nelle acque costiere dell’Alto Adriatico. Le acque costiere sono caratterizzate da un'alta variabilità di proprietà ottiche che dipende dalle specifiche ambientali e stagionali, dai processi idrodinamici e dalle componenti che contiene. Lo studio della dinamica di dispersione del materiale totale sospeso, analizzato in questo lavoro, è stato possibile proprio grazie alle proprietà ottiche del particellato sospeso che, assieme alla clorofilla, è annoverato tra le sostanze otticamente attive. E’ stata svolta un’analisi pluriennale al fine di valutare quali fossero i diversi fattori che influenzano le dinamiche e la distribuzione del particellato sospeso presente nelle acque costiere nell’area prospiciente il delta del Po. La dinamica di dispersione del materiale sospeso in acque superficiali è modulato da variazioni spazio-temporali legate a diversi fattori, tra i quali sono stati considerati l’influenza dell’apporto fluviale del Po e il contributo derivante da diverse condizioni meteomarine. L’analisi effettuata e i risultati ottenuti sono un contributo preliminare a supporto di una gestione costiera, e può fornire una visuale d’insieme dei principali fattori che determinano la presenza di materiale sospeso nella regione costiera esaminata. Tali informazioni sono utili ad una gestione più informata al fine di ridurre gli impatti legati alla presenza di materiale sospeso nelle acque dell’area presa in esame. Le attività svolte sono incluse nel progetto CYAN IS WAS all’interno del programma esecutivo sulla cooperazione scientifica e tecnologica tra la Repubblica d’Italia e il Regno di Svezia per gli anni 2010-2013 e nell’ambito del progetto bandiera RITMARE.

In-situ detection of defect formation in organic flexible electronics by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy

Organic semiconductor technology has attracted considerable research interest in view of its great promise for large area, lightweight, and flexible electronics applications. Owing to their advantages in processing and unique physical properties, organic semiconductors can bring exciting new opportunities for broad-impact applications requiring large area coverage, mechanical flexibility, low-temperature processing, and low cost. In order to achieve highly flexible device architecture it is crucial to understand on a microscopic scale how mechanical deformation affects the electrical performance of organic thin film devices. Towards this aim, I established in this thesis the experimental technique of Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) as a tool to investigate the morphology and the surface potential of organic semiconducting thin films under mechanical strain. KPFM has been employed to investigate the strain response of two different Organic Thin Film Transistor with active layer made by 6,13-bis(triisopropylsilylethynyl)-pentacene (TIPS-Pentacene), and Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT). The results show that this technique allows to investigate on a microscopic scale failure of flexible TFT with this kind of materials during bending. I find that the abrupt reduction of TIPS-pentacene device performance at critical bending radii is related to the formation of nano-cracks in the microcrystal morphology, easily identified due to the abrupt variation in surface potential caused by local increase in resistance. Numerical simulation of the bending mechanics of the transistor structure further identifies the mechanical strain exerted on the TIPS-pentacene micro-crystals as the fundamental origin of fracture. Instead for P3HT based transistors no significant reduction in electrical performance is observed during bending. This finding is attributed to the amorphous nature of the polymer giving rise to an elastic response without the occurrence of crack formation.