Precise Near-Field Focusing exploiting Bessel Beam Launchers for Wireless Power Transfer at millimeter waves

Wireless Power Transfer has become a promising technology to overcome the limits of wired solutions. Within this framework, the objective of this thesis is to study a WPT link at millimeter waves involving a particular type of antenna working in the radiative near-field, known as Bessel Beam (BB) Launcher. This antenna has been chosen for its peculiarity of generating a Bessel Beam which is by nature non-diffractive, showing good focusing and self-healing capabilities. In particular, a Bull-Eye Leaky Wave Antenna is designed and analysed, fed by a loop antenna and resonating at approximately 30 GHz. The structure excites a Hybrid-TE mode showing zeroth-order Bessel function over the z-component of the magnetic field. The same antenna is designed with two different dimensions, showing good wireless power transport properties. The link budgets obtained for different configurations are reported. With the aim of exploiting BB Launchers in wearable applications, a further analysis on the receiving part is conducted. For WPT wearable or implantable devices a reduced dimension of the receiver system must be considered. Therefore, an electrically large loop antenna in planar technology is modified, inserting phase shifters in order to increase the intensity of the magnetic field in its interrogation zone. This is fundamental when a BB Launcher is involved as transmitter. The loop antenna, in reception, shows a further miniaturization level since it is built such that its interrogation zone corresponds to the main beam dimension of transmitting BB Launcher. The link budget is evaluated with the new receiver showing comparable results with respect to previous configurations, showing an efficient WPT link for near-field focusing. Finally, a matching network and a full-wave rectifying circuit are attached to two of the different receiving systems considered. Further analysis will be carried out about the robustness of the square loop over biological tissues.

Progetto di un sistema per la trasmissione wireless di potenza in campo vicino a dispositivi impiantabili

I dispositivi impiantabili stanno acquisendo grande importanza nell’ambito delle applicazioni biomedicali, ciò è dovuto principalmente alla loro attitudine nell’adempiere funzioni di stimolazione, monitoraggio su organi interni e di comunicazione di segnali vitali al mondo esterno. La comunità scientifica, in particolare, concentra la sua attenzione sulle tecniche di alimentazione di tali dispositivi. Le batterie al litio hanno rappresentato, fino a qualche tempo fa, la sorgente di alimentazione primaria. Il bisogno crescente di minimizzare le dimensioni di questi dispositivi e migliorare la qualità di vita del paziente (evitare successive operazioni chirurgiche, rischi e infezioni a causa dei cavi percutanei), ha spinto nella ricerca di nuove soluzioni. Una di queste è rappresentata dalla Wireless Power Transfer (WPT). In questo lavoro di tesi, è stato proposto un sistema di alimentazione wireless transcutaneo. Il sistema sfrutta il principio dell’accoppiamento induttivo risonante, che consiste nella trasmissione di energia in campo vicino tra due risuonatori magneticamente accoppiati. Al fine di acquisire la massima efficienza, sono state effettuate operazioni di ottimizzazione geometrica sul trasmettitore e di adattamento sul modello circuitale. I software CST e LTspice hanno reso possibile le simulazioni sul sistema dal punto di vista elettromagnetico e circuitale. Gli sviluppi futuri prevedono di convalidare i risultati ottenuti realizzando prove “in vitro”.

Studio di un sistema di comunicazione ad alimentazione risonante wireless.

L'elaborato tratta della progettazione di un sistema di alimentazione wireless risonante per i nodi sensori, strumenti fondamentali per il controllo delle strutture(Structural Health Monitoring). Esso si concentra sulla realizzazione di un convertitore flyback risonante (con circuito di snubber incluso per il main switch) in grado di fornire una tensione di 5 Volt in uscita a fronte di una corrente media massima sul carico di 800mA data una tensione di 12 volt in ingresso. Dopo aver introdotto il concetto di Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) e i principi fisici su cui esso poggia (induzione elettromagnetica e risonanza elettromagnetica), si presentano i modelli circuitali più utilizzati in questo ambito. Una volta illustrate le conoscenze allo stato dell'arte dell'accoppiamento induttivo risonante, si analizza il comportamento del modello scelto, al fine di evidenziare i vantaggi dell'utilizzo del circuito alla frequenza di risonanza. Sono state effettuate simulazioni con il simulatore LTspice come controprova. Si passa quindi a dimensionare i vari elementi del circuito a fronte delle specifiche stabilite. Grazie ai risultati ottenuti, si procede alla stesura del Bill Of Materials. La tesi si conclude presentando i possibili campi di ricerca e sviluppo del sistema di alimentazione.

Characterization of a 3D-printed low-cost flexible dielectric material for the realization of innovative WPT wearable applications

The aim of this thesis is to demonstrate that 3D-printing technologies can be considered significantly attractive in the production of microwave devices and in the antenna design, with the intention of making them lightweight, cheaper, and easily integrable for the production of wireless, battery-free, and wearable devices for vital signals monitoring. In this work, a new 3D-printable, low-cost resin material, the Flexible80A, is proposed as RF substrate in the implementation of a rectifying antenna (rectenna) operating at 2.45 GHz for wireless power transfer. A careful and accurate electromagnetic characterization of the abovementioned material, revealing it to be a very lossy substrate, has paved the way for the investigation of innovative transmission line and antenna layouts, as well as etching techniques, possible thanks to the design freedom enabled by 3D-printing technologies with the aim of improving the wave propagation performance within lossy materials. This analysis is crucial in the design process of a patch antenna, meant to be successively connected to the rectifier. In fact, many different patch antenna layouts are explored varying the antenna dimensions, the substrate etchings shape and position, the feeding line technology, and the operating frequency. Before dealing with the rectification stage of the rectenna design, the hot and long-discussed topic of the equivalent receiving antenna circuit representation is addressed, providing an overview of the interpretation of different authors about the issue, and the position that has been adopted in this thesis. Furthermore, two rectenna designs are proposed and simulated with the aim of minimizing the dielectric losses. Finally, a prototype of a rectenna with the antenna conjugate matched to the rectifier, operating at 2.45 GHz, has been fabricated with adhesive copper on a substrate sample of Flexible80A and measured, in order to validate the simulated results.

Innovative layout design and radiated harmonic analysis for advanced frequency-diverse array solutions

Wireless power transfer is becoming a crucial and demanding task in the IoT world. Despite the already known solutions exploiting a near-field powering approach, far-field WPT is definitely more challenging, and commercial applications are not available yet. This thesis proposes the recent frequency-diverse array technology as a potential candidate for realizing smart and reconfigurable far-field WPT solutions. In the first section of this work, an analysis on some FDA systems is performed, identifying the planar array with circular geometry as the most promising layout in terms of radiation properties. Then, a novel energy aware solution to handle the critical time variability of the FDA beam pattern is proposed. It consists on a time-control strategy through a triangular pulse, and it allows to achieve ad-hoc and real time WPT. Moreover, an essential frequency domain analysis of the radiating behaviour of a pulsed FDA system is presented. This study highlights the benefits of exploiting the intrinsic pulse harmonics for powering purposes, thus minimising the power loss. Later, the electromagnetic design of a radial FDA architecture is addressed. In this context, an exhaustive investigation on miniaturization techniques is carried out; the use of multiple shorting pins together with a meandered feeding network has been selected as a powerful solution to halve the original prototype dimension. Finally, accurate simulations of the designed radial FDA system are performed, and the obtained results are given.

Design of an indirectly fired gas turbine integrated with an organic rankine cycle unit for combined heat and power production

In the last years, the European countries have paid increasing attention to renewable sources and greenhouse emissions. The Council of the European Union and the European Parliament have established ambitious targets for the next years. In this scenario, biomass plays a prominent role since its life cycle produces a zero net carbon dioxide emission. Additionally, biomass can ensure plant operation continuity thanks to its availability and storage ability. Several conventional systems running on biomass are available at the moment. Most of them are performant either in the large-scale or in the small power range. The absence of an efficient system on the small-middle scale inspired this thesis project. The object is an innovative plant based on a wet indirectly fired gas turbine (WIFGT) integrated with an organic Rankine cycle (ORC) unit for combined heat and power production. The WIFGT is a performant system in the small-middle power range; the ORC cycle is capable of giving value to low-temperature heat sources. Their integration is investigated in this thesis with the aim of carrying out a preliminary design of the components. The targeted plant output is around 200 kW in order not to need a wide cultivation area and to avoid biomass shipping. Existing in-house simulation tools are used: They are adapted to this purpose. Firstly the WIFGT + ORC model is built; Zero-dimensional models of heat exchangers, compressor, turbines, furnace, dryer and pump are used. Different fluids are selected but toluene and benzene turn out to be the most suitable. In the indirectly fired gas turbine a pressure ratio around 4 leads to the highest efficiency. From the thermodynamic analysis the system shows an electric efficiency of 38%, outdoing other conventional plants in the same power range. The combined plant is designed to recover thermal energy: Water is used as coolant in the condenser. It is heated from 60°C up to 90°C, ensuring the possibility of space heating. Mono-dimensional models are used to design the heat exchange equipment. Different types of heat exchangers are chosen depending on the working temperature. A finned-plate heat exchanger is selected for the WIFGT heat transfer equipment due to the high temperature, oxidizing and corrosive environment. A once-through boiler with finned tubes is chosen to vaporize the organic fluid in the ORC. A plate heat exchanger is chosen for the condenser and recuperator. A quasi-monodimensional model for single-stage axial turbine is implemented to design both the WIFGT and the ORC turbine. The system simulation after the components design shows an electric efficiency around 34% with a decrease by 10% compared to the zero-dimensional analysis. The work exhibits the system potentiality compared to the existing plants from both technical and economic point of view.