Isolated electrical microgrids employing renewable energy resources:analysis of the electrification of remote communities in Peru.

This project points out a brief overview of several concepts, as Renewable Energy Resources, Distributed Energy Resources, Distributed Generation, and describes the general architecture of an electrical microgrid, isolated or connected to the Medium Voltage Network. Moreover, the project focuses on a project carried out by GRECDH Department in collaboration with CITCEA Department, both belonging to Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya: it concerns isolated microgrids employing renewable energy resources in two communities in northern Peru. Several solutions found using optimization software regarding different generation systems (wind and photovoltaic) and different energy demand scenarios are commented and analyzed from an electrical point of view. Furthermore, there are some proposals to improve microgrid performances, in particular to increase voltage values for each load connected to the microgrid. The extra costs required by the proposed solutions are calculated and their effect on the total microgrid cost are taken into account; finally there are some considerations about the impact the project has on population and on people's daily life.

Waste management in Forlì-Cesena province: Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of Forlì incinerator

This work assesses the environmental impact of a municipal solid waste incinerator with energy recovery in Forlì-Cesena province (Emilia-Romagna region, Italy). The methodology used is Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). As the plant already applies the best technologies available in waste treatment, this study focuses on the fate of the residues (bottom and fly ash) produced during combustion. Nine scenarios are made, based on different ash treatment disposing/recycling techniques. The functional unit is the amount of waste incinerated in 2011. Boundaries are set from waste arrival in the plant to the disposal/recovery of the residues produced, with energy recovery. Only the operative period is considered. Software used is GaBi 4 and the LCIA method used is CML2001. The impact categories analyzed are: abiotic depletion, acidification, eutrophication, freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity, global warming, human toxicity, ozone layer depletion, photochemical oxidant formation, terrestrial ecotoxicity and primary energy demand. Most of the data are taken from Herambiente. When primary data are not available, data from Ecoinvent and GaBi databases or literature data are used. The whole incineration process is sustainable, due to the relevant avoided impact given by co-generator. As far as regards bottom ash treatment, the most influential process is the impact savings from iron recovery. Bottom ash recycling in road construction or as building material are both valid alternatives, even if the first option faces legislative limits in Italy. Regarding fly ash inertization, the adding of cement and Ferrox treatment results the most feasible alternatives. However, this inertized fly ash can maintain its hazardous nature. The only method to ensure the stability of an inertized fly ash is to couple two different stabilization treatments. Ash stabilization technologies shall improve with the same rate of the flexibility of the national legislation about incineration residues recycling.

Analisi del ciclo di vita applicato alla produzione dell'anidride maleica mediante vie alternative di sintesi industriale

Nel campo dell’industria chimica la ricerca si è mossa in direzione di rendere i processi più sostenibili. Ciò viene effettuato considerando le linee guida della green chemistry. In questo contesto si colloca la metodologia LCA che valuta l’impatto ambientale associato ad un processo o un prodotto, comprendendo tutto il suo ciclo di vita. Nel presente lavoro di tesi si studia l’applicazione della LCA alla sintesi industriale di anidride maleica (AM), che viene ottenuta tramite reazione di ossidazione del benzene o dell’n-butano. Nello studio si sono modellate tre diverse vie di sintesi dell’AM considerando il processo di produzione che parte da benzene e il processo di produzione da butano con due diversi tipi di reattore: il letto fisso e il letto fluido (processo ALMA). Negli scenari si considerano le fasi di produzione dei reagenti e si è modellata la fase della reazione di ossidazione e l’incenerimento dei sottoprodotti e del reagente non convertito. Confrontando i tre processi, emerge che al processo che parte da benzene sono associati gli impatti globali maggiori mentre il processo ALMA ha un minore carico ambientale. Il processo da benzene risulta avere maggiori impatti per le categorie Cambiamento climatico, Formazione di particolato e Consumo dei metalli. Il processo da butano a tecnologia a letto fisso presenta invece maggiori impatti per le categorie Tossicità umana e Consumo di combustibili fossili, dovuti alla maggiore richiesta energetica effettuata dal processo di ossidazione del butano con tecnologia a letto fisso e alla richiesta di combustibile ausiliario per la fase di incenerimento. Tale risultato emerge anche dall’analisi effettuata con il Cumulative Energy Demand. Al processo ALMA sono associati gli impatti inferiori in assoluto, nonostante abbia una resa inferiore al processo che utilizza il letto fisso. I risultati dell’analisi LCA sono stati confermati dall’analisi delle incertezze, realizzata con il metodo statistico Monte Carlo.

Urban water demand model: the case study of Emilia Romagna (Italy)

Water is the driving force in nature. We use water for washing cars, doing laundry, cooking, taking a shower, but also to generate energy and electricity. Therefore water is a necessary product in our daily lives (USGS. Howard Perlman, 2013). The model that we created is based on the urban water demand computer model from the Pacific Institute (California). With this model we will forecast the future urban water use of Emilia Romagna up to the year of 2030. We will analyze the urban water demand in Emilia Romagna that includes the 9 provinces: Bologna, Ferrara, Forli-Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio Emilia and Rimini. The term urban water refers to the water used in cities and suburbs and in homes in the rural areas. This will include the residential, commercial, institutional and the industrial use. In this research, we will cover the water saving technologies that can help to save water for daily use. We will project what influence these technologies have to the urban water demand, and what it can mean for future urban water demands. The ongoing climate change can reduce the snowpack, and extreme floods or droughts in Italy. The changing climate and development patterns are expected to have a significant impact on water demand in the future. We will do this by conducting different scenario analyses, by combining different population projections, climate influence and water saving technologies. In addition, we will also conduct a sensitivity analyses. The several analyses will show us how future urban water demand is likely respond to changes in water conservation technologies, population, climate, water price and consumption. I hope the research can contribute to the insight of the reader’s thoughts and opinion.

Modeling and validation of the thermal behavior of buildings for the development of demand response methods

The representation of the thermal behaviour of the building is achieved through a relatively simple dynamic model that takes into account the effects due to the thermal mass of the building components. The model of a intra-floor apartment has been built in the Matlab-Simulink environment and considers the heat transmission through the external envelope, wall and windows, the internal thermal masses, (i.e. furniture, internal wall and floor slabs) and the sun gain due to opaque and see-through surfaces of the external envelope. The simulations results for the entire year have been compared and the model validated, with the one obtained with the dynamic building simulation software Energyplus.