A new method for continuous quality control of nsm cfrp systems

In the last decade the near-surface mounted (NSM) strengthening technique using carbon fibre reinforced polymers (CFRP) has been increasingly used to improve the load carrying capacity of concrete members. Compared to externally bonded reinforcement (EBR), the NSM system presents considerable advantages. This technique consists in the insertion of carbon fibre reinforced polymer laminate strips into pre-cut slits opened in the concrete cover of the elements to be strengthened. CFRP reinforcement is bonded to concrete with an appropriate groove filler, typically epoxy adhesive or cement grout. Up to now, research efforts have been mainly focused on several structural aspects, such as: bond behaviour, flexural and/or shear strengthening effectiveness, and energy dissipation capacity of beam-column joints. In such research works, as well as in field applications, the most widespread adhesives that are used to bond reinforcements to concrete are epoxy resins. It is largely accepted that the performance of the whole application of NSM systems strongly depends on the mechanical properties of the epoxy resins, for which proper curing conditions must be assured. Therefore, the existence of non-destructive methods that allow monitoring the curing process of epoxy resins in the NSM CFRP system is desirable, in view of obtaining continuous information that can provide indication in regard to the effectiveness of curing and the expectable bond behaviour of CFRP/adhesive/concrete systems. The experimental research was developed at the Laboratory of the Structural Division of the Civil Engineering Department of the University of Minho in Guimar\~aes, Portugal (LEST). The main objective was to develop and propose a new method for continuous quality control of the curing of epoxy resins applied in NSM CFRP strengthening systems. This objective is pursued through the adaptation of an existing technique, termed EMM-ARM (Elasticity Modulus Monitoring through Ambient Response Method) that has been developed for monitoring the early stiffness evolution of cement-based materials. The experimental program was composed of two parts: (i) direct pull-out tests on concrete specimens strengthened with NSM CFRP laminate strips were conducted to assess the evolution of bond behaviour between CFRP and concrete since early ages; and, (ii) EMM-ARM tests were carried out for monitoring the progressive stiffness development of the structural adhesive used in CFRP applications. In order to verify the capability of the proposed method for evaluating the elastic modulus of the epoxy, static E-Modulus was determined through tension tests. The results of the two series of tests were then combined and compared to evaluate the possibility of implementation of a new method for the continuous monitoring and quality control of NSM CFRP applications.

Characterization of hydrothermal carbonization products from woodchip

L’idrotermocarbonizzazione è un processo che permette di convertire un’elevata quantità di materie prime solide in carbone. Ciò viene realizzato inserendo come sostanza in input, oltre alla materia prima iniziale, acqua liquida e, successivamente, riscaldando fino a 180°C, temperatura alla quale inizia la reazione esotermica ed il processo diventa di tipo stand-alone. Tale reazione presenta un tempo di reazione variabile nel range di 4÷12 h. I prodotti in uscita sono costituiti da una sostanza solida che ha le caratteristiche del carbone marrone naturale e un’acqua di processo, la quale è altamente inquinata da composti organici. In questo elaborato viene illustrata una caratterizzazione dei prodotti in uscita da un impianto di idrotermo carbonizzazione da laboratorio, il quale utilizza in input pezzi di legno tagliati grossolanamente. Inizialmente tale impianto da laboratorio viene descritto nel dettaglio, dopodiché la caratterizzazione viene effettuata attraverso DTA-TGA dei materiali in ingresso ed uscita; inoltre altre sostanze vengono così analizzate, al fine di confrontarle col char ed i pezzi di legno. Quindi si riporta anche un’analisi calorimetrica, avente l’obiettivo di determinare il calore di combustione del char ottenuto; attraverso questo valore e il calore di combustione dei pezzi di legno è stato possibile calcolare l’efficienza di ritenzione energetica del processo considerato, così come la densificazione energetica riscontrata nel materiale in uscita. In aggiunta, è stata eseguita un’analisi delle specie chimiche elementari sul char ed il legno in modo da determinare i seguenti parametri: fattori di ritenzione e fattori di ritenzione pesati sulla massa in termini di concentrazione di C, H, N e S. I risultati ottenuti da tale analisi hanno permesso di effettuare una caratterizzazione del char. Un tentativo di attivazione del char viene riportato, descrivendo la procedura di attivazione seguita e la metodologia utilizzata per valutare il buon esito o meno di tale tentativo di attivazione. La metodologia consiste di uno studio isotermo dell’adsorbimento di acido acetico sul char “attivato” attraverso una titolazione. I risultati sperimentali sono stati fittati usando le isoterme di Langmuir e Freundlich e confrontati con le capacità di adsorbimento del semplice char e di un campione di carbone attivo preso da un’azienda esterna. Infine si è considerata l’acqua di processo, infatti un’analisi fotometrica ne ha evidenziato le concentrazioni di TOC, COD, ioni nitrato e ioni fosfato. Questi valori sono stati conseguentemente confrontati con i limiti italiani e tedeschi massimi ammissibili per acque potabili, dando quindi un’idea quantitativa della contaminazione di tale acqua di processo.

Proposal of a Continuous Read-out Implementation in the ALICE-TOF detector

The main purpose of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions is the investigation of the QGP. The ALICE experiment situated at the CERN has been specifically designed to study heavy-ion collisions for centre-of-mass energies up to 5.5 per nucleon pair. Extended particle identification capability is one of the main characteristics of the ALICE experiment. In the intermediate momentum region (up to 2.5 GeV/c for pi/K and 4 GeV/c for K/p), charged particles are identified in the ALICE experiment by the Time of Flight (TOF) detector. The ALICE-TOF system is a large-area detector based on the use of Multi-gap Resistive Plate Chamber (MRPC) built with high efficiency, fast response and intrinsic time resolution better than 40 ps. This thesis work, developed with the ALICE-TOF Bologna group, is part of the efforts carried out to adapt the read-out of the detector to the new requirements after the LHC Long Shutdown 2. Tests on the feasibility of a new read-out scheme for the TOF detector have been performed. In fact, the achievement of a continuous read-out also for the TOF detector would not be affordable if one considers the replacement of the TRM cards both for hardware and budget reasons. Actually, the read-out of the TOF is limited at 250 kHz i.e. it would be able to collect up to just a fourth of the maximum collision rate potentially achievable for pp interactions. In this Master’s degree thesis work, I discuss a different read-out system for the ALICE-TOF detector that allows to register all the hits at the interaction rate of 1 MHz foreseen for pp interactions after the 2020, by using the electronics currently available. Such solution would allow the ALICE-TOF detector to collect all the hits generated by pp collisions at 1 MHz interaction rate, which corresponds to an amount four times larger than that initially expected at such frequencies with the triggered read-out system operated at 250 kHz for LHC Run 3. The obtained results confirm that the proposed read-out scheme is a viable option for the ALICE TOF detector. The results also highlighted that it will be advantageous if the ALICE-TOF group also implement an online monitoring system of noisy channels to allow their deactivation in real time.