Optimization of aqueous Zn-ion batteries

MnHCF was synthesized by simple co-precipitation method. In this work we investigate the electrochemical behavior of manganese hexacyanoferrate in zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), ZnSO4+MnSO4 and zinc triflate (Zn(OTF)2) aqueous electrolytes. Electrochemical tests were performed by both El-cell which is designed for reflection investigation and coin cell. In cyclic voltammetry curves, we observed redox peaks of both Fe3+/2+ and Mn3+/2+ pairs. The results based on current shows that the capacity of battery is controlled by diffusion process in aqueous electrolyte system. MnHCF undergoes severe dissolution and zinc displacement during cycling. Compared to ZnSO4, anions of Zn (OTF)2 electrolyte are strongly adsorbed on the electrolyte surface, in turn hindering the water oxidation reaction and reducing the decomposition of MnHCF. The MnHCF/Zn battery using 3M Zn (OTF)2 delivers a specific capacity of 41 mAhg-1 at 50 mAg-1 while by using 3M ZnSO4+1M MnSO4 the specific capacity reaches to 400 mAhg-1 for the pure sample and around 250 mAhg-1 for the MnHCF+A. Our results suggest that the anions in the aqueous electrolyte are of great importance to optimize the electrochemical performance of metal hexacyanoferrates. The pre-addition of MnSO4 into ZnSO4 solution is capable of easing the Mn2+ dissolution from the cathode.

Sintesi e caratterizzazione di prepolimeri per resine epossidiche derivanti da fonti rinnovabili e naturali attraverso un processo a basso impatto ambientale

La sostituzione di materie prime provenienti da risorse fossili con biomasse rinnovabili, utilizzando un processo a basso impatto ambientale, è una delle più importanti sfide della "Green Chemistry". Allo stesso tempo, la sintesi di resine epossidiche fornisce la chiave per la realizzazione di materiali ad alto valore aggiunto. Tuttavia, ad oggi, il 90% della produzione di resine epossidiche è basato sull'uso di bisfenolo A, che ha effetti di xenoestrogeno, ed epicloridrina, tossica e cancerogena. Su queste basi, è stata individuata una strategia sintetica per la sintesi di prepolimeri innovativi per resine epossidiche, che utilizza come substrato di reazione diidrossibenzeni di origine naturale ed evita l'uso di epicloridrina e altri reagenti tossici o pericolosi. La suddetta strategia sintetica è basata sulla sequenza: allilazione dei diidrossibenzeni - epossidazione dei doppi legami ottenuti. In questa procedura non vengono utilizzati drastiche condizioni di reazione e il solvente è acqua, con una catalisi di trasferimento di fase o, in aggiunte di acetonitrile, in un sistema bifasico. La resa complessiva dei due “step” dipende dalla posizione dei due ossidrili nei diidrossibenzeni. Il reagente che porta la resa massima è l’idrochinone (1,4 diidrossibenzene), che, come riportato in letteratura, permette la formazione di resine epossidiche con proprietà simili alle resine di epicloridrina e bisfenolo A. The substitution of raw materials from fossil fuels with renewable biomass using a low environmental impact process is one of the greatest challenges of the "Green Chemistry". At the same time, the synthesis of epoxy resins provides the key to the realization of high added value materials. However, 90% of the production of epoxy resins is based on the use of bisphenol A, a xenoestrogen, and epichlorohydrin, that is toxic and carcinogenic. On these bases, a synthetic strategy for the synthesis of innovative prepolymers of epoxy resins, that uses dihydroxybenzenes of natural origin as reaction substrates and avoids the use of epichlorohydrin and other toxic or dangerous reagents has been identified. The above synthetic strategy is based on the sequence: allylation of dihydroxybenzenes - epoxidation of the double bonds obtained. In this procedure, drastic reaction conditions are dismissed and the solvent used is water with a phase transfer catalysis or, in addition, acetonitrile in a biphasic system. The overall yield of the two steps depends on the position of the two hydroxyls of the dihydroxybenzenes. The reagent that leads to the highest yield is hydroquinone (1,4 dihydroxybenzene), which, as reported in literature, allows the formation of epoxy resins with similar properties to the resins from bisphenol A and epichlorohydrin.

Oxidative properties of the Iron - Thymine-1-acetic acid - Hydrogen peroxide catalytic system

The oxidation of alcohols and olefins is a pivotal reaction in organic synthesis. However, traditional oxidants are toxic and they often release a considerable amounts of by-products. Here, two IronIII-based systems are shown as oxidative catalyst, working in mild conditions with hydrogen peroxide as primary oxidant. An efficient catalytic system for the selective oxidation of several alcohols to their corresponding aldehydes and ketones was developed and characterized, [Fe(phen)2Cl2]NO3 (phen=1,10-Phenantroline). It was demonstrated that the adoption of a buffered aqueous solution is of crucial importance to ensure both considerable activity and selectivity.The Iron - Thymine-1-acetic acid in-situ complex was studied as catalyst in alcohol oxidations and C-H oxidative functionalization, involving hydrogen peroxide as primary oxidant in mild reaction conditions. The catalytic ability in alcohol oxidations was investigated by Density Functional Theory calculations, however the catalyst still has uncertain structure. The system shows satisfactory activity in alcohol oxidation and aliphatic rings functionalization. The Fe-THA system was studied in cyclohexene oxidation and oxidative halogenations. Halide salts such as NBu4X and NH4X were introduced in the catalytic system as halogens source to obtain cyclohexene derivatives such as halohydrins, important synthetic intermediates.The purpose of this dissertation is to contribute in testing new catalytic systems for alcohol oxidations and C-H functionalization. In particular, most of the efforts in this work focus on studying the Iron - Thymine-1-acetic acid (THA) systems as non-heme oxidative model, which present: •an iron metal centre(s) as a coordinative active site, •hydrogen peroxide as a primary oxidant, •THA as an eco-friendly, biocompatible, low cost coordinating ligand.