Research on the vocal culture of Orcinus orca in the Loro Parque, Tenerife: a pilot study

This research is focussed on the study of Orcinus orca's communication system. The analysis of vocalizations emitted by marine mammals has started in the '80s and most studies have been carried out in the wild. In this regard the most studied animal has been common dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) as the numerous presence of captive individuals worldwide made researches easier to be carried out. Studies about Orcinus orca's vocalizations have mainly been carried out in the wild (most in British Columbia) because its maintenance in a controlled environment results to be very difficult, only 17 among parks and oceanaria worldwide have some Orcinus orca (45 overall among which 64% born in captivity). These researches showed that Orcinus orca emit three main different types of sounds, classified as: whistles, clicks and calls. Besides, it was discovered that different groups (pods) produce sounds belonging only to the relevant pod (dialects). It is rare to find two pods sharing some calls. The two pods usually live in adjacent areas and can form a clan. This study was carried out in a controlled environment in the Orca ocean structure (Loro Parque, Tenerife, Spain) where, at the moment (March 2012) 6 individuals are hosted. Here it was developed an automatic sound recording system. Thanks to the use of suitable mathematical algorithms that allow to isolate only "interesting" sound events that differ from the "background noise", it was possible to create a database. The visualization of the sound events collected in the database is carried out with the use of a software. By looking at this output and at the observation register we could match the animal to the sound produced. Three situations were detected and studied: 1) Chosen alone: the animal chooses to go to the recording pool but it is free to move to another pool with other individuals. 2) Put alone: the animal is put alone in the recording pool. 3) With other orcas: more animals are together in the recording pool. The statistic analysis show that animals emit more vocalizations when they are in the situation "Chosen alone". The research will continue in order to observe eventual differences in the individual repertoire of each Orcinus orca.

Comparison of EEG signals from epilepsy patients with Bump modeling

Background: l’epilessia è una malattia cerebrale che colpisce oggigiorno circa l’1% della popolazione mondiale e causa, a chi ne soffre, convulsioni ricorrenti e improvvise che danneggiano la vita quotidiana del paziente. Le convulsioni sono degli eventi che bloccano istantaneamente la normale attività cerebrale; inoltre differiscono tra i pazienti e, perciò, non esiste un trattamento comune generalizzato. Solitamente, medici neurologi somministrano farmaci, e, in rari casi, l’epilessia è trattata con operazioni neurochirurgiche. Tuttavia, le operazioni hanno effetti positivi nel ridurre le crisi, ma raramente riescono a eliminarle del tutto. Negli ultimi anni, nel campo della ricerca scientifica è stato provato che il segnale EEG contiene informazioni utili per diagnosticare l'arrivo di un attacco epilettico. Inoltre, diversi algoritmi automatici sono stati sviluppati per rilevare automaticamente le crisi epilettiche. Scopo: lo scopo finale di questa ricerca è l'applicabilità e l'affidabilità di un dispositivo automatico portatile in grado di rilevare le convulsioni e utilizzabile come sistema di monitoraggio. L’analisi condotta in questo progetto, è eseguita con tecniche di misure classiche e avanzate, in modo tale da provare tecnicamente l’affidabilità di un tale sistema. La comparazione è stata eseguita sui segnali elettroencefalografici utilizzando due diversi sistemi di acquisizione EEG: il metodo standard utilizzato nelle cliniche e il nuovo dispositivo portatile. Metodi: è necessaria una solida validazione dei segnali EEG registrati con il nuovo dispositivo. I segnali saranno trattati con tecniche classiche e avanzate. Dopo le operazioni di pulizia e allineamento, verrà utilizzato un nuovo metodo di rappresentazione e confronto di segnali : Bump model. In questa tesi il metodo citato verrà ampiamente descritto, testato, validato e adattato alle esigenze del progetto. Questo modello è definito come un approccio economico per la mappatura spazio-frequenziale di wavelet; in particolare, saranno presenti solo gli eventi con un’alta quantità di energia. Risultati: il modello Bump è stato implementato come toolbox su MATLAB dallo sviluppatore F. Vialatte, e migliorato dall’Autore per l’utilizzo di registrazioni EEG da sistemi diversi. Il metodo è validato con segnali artificiali al fine di garantire l’affidabilità, inoltre, è utilizzato su segnali EEG processati e allineati, che contengono eventi epilettici. Questo serve per rilevare la somiglianza dei due sistemi di acquisizione. Conclusioni: i risultati visivi garantiscono la somiglianza tra i due sistemi, questa differenza la si può notare specialmente comparando i grafici di attività background EEG e quelli di artefatti o eventi epilettici. Bump model è uno strumento affidabile per questa applicazione, e potrebbe essere utilizzato anche per lavori futuri (ad esempio utilizzare il metodo di Sincronicità Eventi Stocas- tici SES) o differenti applicazioni, così come le informazioni estratte dai Bump model potrebbero servire come input per misure di sincronicità, dalle quali estrarre utili risultati.

Sea level measurement using single GNSS antenna SNR signals

This thesis presents a possible method to calculate sea level variation using geodetic-quality Global Navigate Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. Three antennas are used: two small antennas and a choke ring one, analyzing only Global Positioning System signals. The main goal of the thesis is to test a modified configuration for antenna set up. In particular, measurements obtained tilting one antenna to face the horizon are compared to measurements obtained from antennas looking upward. The location of the experiment is a coastal environment nearby the Onsala Space Observatory in Sweden. Sea level variations are obtained using periodogram analysis of the SNR signal and compared to synthetic gauge generated from two independent tide gauges. The choke ring antenna provides poor result, with an RMS around 6 cm and a correlation coefficients of 0.89. The smaller antennas provide correlation coefficients around 0.93. The antenna pointing upward present an RMS of 4.3 cm and the one pointing the horizon an RMS of 6.7 cm. Notable variation in the statistical parameters is found when modifying the length of the interval analyzed. In particular, doubts are risen on the reliability of certain scattered data. No relation is found between the accuracy of the method and weather conditions. Possible methods to enhance the available data are investigated, and correlation coefficient above 0.97 can be obtained with small antennas when sacrificing data points. Hence, the results provide evidence of the suitability of SNR signal analysis for sea level variation in coastal environment even in the case of adverse weather conditions. In particular, tilted configurations provides comparable result with upward looking geodetic antennas. A SNR signal simulator is also tested to investigate its performance and usability. Various configuration are analyzed in combination with the periodogram procedure used to calculate the height of reflectors. Consistency between the data calculated and those received is found, and the overall accuracy of the height calculation program is found to be around 5 mm for input height below 5 m. The procedure is thus found to be suitable to analyze the data provided by the GNSS antennas at Onsala.

Multicentre study for a robust protocol in single-voxel spectroscopy: quantification of MRS signals by time-domain fitting algorithms

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is an advanced clinical and research application which guarantees a specific biochemical and metabolic characterization of tissues by the detection and quantification of key metabolites for diagnosis and disease staging. The "Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica (AIFM)" has promoted the activity of the "Interconfronto di spettroscopia in RM" working group. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyze results obtained by perfoming MRS on scanners of different manufacturing in order to compile a robust protocol for spectroscopic examinations in clinical routines. This thesis takes part into this project by using the GE Signa HDxt 1.5 T at the Pavillion no. 11 of the S.Orsola-Malpighi hospital in Bologna. The spectral analyses have been performed with the jMRUI package, which includes a wide range of preprocessing and quantification algorithms for signal analysis in the time domain. After the quality assurance on the scanner with standard and innovative methods, both spectra with and without suppression of the water peak have been acquired on the GE test phantom. The comparison of the ratios of the metabolite amplitudes over Creatine computed by the workstation software, which works on the frequencies, and jMRUI shows good agreement, suggesting that quantifications in both domains may lead to consistent results. The characterization of an in-house phantom provided by the working group has achieved its goal of assessing the solution content and the metabolite concentrations with good accuracy. The goodness of the experimental procedure and data analysis has been demonstrated by the correct estimation of the T2 of water, the observed biexponential relaxation curve of Creatine and the correct TE value at which the modulation by J coupling causes the Lactate doublet to be inverted in the spectrum. The work of this thesis has demonstrated that it is possible to perform measurements and establish protocols for data analysis, based on the physical principles of NMR, which are able to provide robust values for the spectral parameters of clinical use.

That Female Sound: Uptalk and Vocal Fry

This paper presents an analysis of women's voices, with a particular focus on how they are often criticized, and a discussion about two linguistic trends popular among them: uptalk and vocal fry