Electrochemical oxidation of Kraft lignin for the production of value-added chemicals on Ni and Co electrocatalysts

La vanillina è un’aldeide aromatica importante da un punto di vista industriale, in quanto viene ampiamente utilizzata dall’industria alimentare, cosmetica e farmaceutica. Attualmente, la vanillina da biomasse viene ottenuta attraverso l’ossidazione catalitica della lignina. Un’alternativa è rappresentata dall’ossidazione elettro-catalitica, un processo che sta riscuotendo un notevole interesse, perché permette di lavorare in condizioni blande. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è stato quello di sintetizzare elettro-catalizzatori che favoriscano la depolimerizzazione della lignina Kraft per ottenere selettivamente vanillina. Sono state utilizzate schiume di Ni a cella aperta, tal quali e elettro-depositate con idrossidi di Ni-Co e Co. La formazione degli osso-idrossidi dei metalli, sulla superficie delle schiume, e la OER contribuiscono all’elettro-ossidazione della lignina, mentre la resa di vanillina dipende sia dal catalizzatore che dalle condizioni di reazione (potenziale applicato e tempo di reazione). La resa maggiore di vanillina è stata ottenuta applicando 0.6 V vs SCE con un tempo di reazione di un’ora e utilizzando la schiuma di Ni bare come catalizzatore. Indipendentemente dal tipo di catalizzatore usato, aumentando il tempo di reazione la resa di vanillina diminuisce, probabilmente a causa delle reazioni di ri-condensazione e ossidazione successiva dei prodotti che coinvolgono la vanillina stessa. La presenza di idrossidi di Ni-Co e Co sulla schiuma di Ni non ne migliora l’attività catalitica. La schiuma Co/Ni esibisce un’elevata carica accumulata e un’alta conversione, probabilmente dovuto alle reazioni parassite che sfavoriscono l’accumulo di vanillina. Le schiume Ni-Co/Ni invece, presentando sia una resa in vanillina intermedia tra le altre due ma associata ad una carica accumulata molto bassa. Un risultato incoraggiante per possibili sviluppi futuri.

Electrochemical oxidation of Kraft and Dealkaline lignin to produce value-added chemicals on Nickel electrocatalysts

One of the most important scientific and environmental issues is reducing global dependence on fossil sources and one of the solutions is to use biomass as feedstock. In particular, the use of lignocellulosic biomass to obtain molecules with considerable commercial importance is gaining more and more interest. Lignin, the most recalcitrant part of lignocellulosic biomass, is a valuable source of sustainable and renewable aromatic molecules, currently produced from petrochemical processes. Vanillin, one of the most important aromatic aldehydes on an industrial level, can be obtained through catalytic lignin oxidation. An alternative to the conventional catalytic oxidation process is the electro-catalytic process, which can be carried out at ambient temperature and pressure, using water as solvent, and it can be considered as a renewable energy storage. In this thesis, the electrocatalytic oxidation of Kraft and Dealkaline lignin in NaOH was investigated over Ni foam catalysts. The effect of the reaction parameters (i.e. time, applied potential, lignin concentration, NaOH concentration, and temperature) on the yields of vanillin and other valuable products was evaluated. After the screening of the reaction conditions, a systematic study of the contribution of the homogeneous reaction (lignin depolymerization due to the basic solvent) to the yield of the product was accomplished. Finally, considering the obtained results, an alternative reaction procedure was proposed.

3D electrocatalysts for the selective glucose oxidation

Nowadays, one of the most important scientific and environmental concern is to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels. The use of lignocellulosic biomass makes it possible to produce important platform molecules such as D-glucose, which is used to synthesize high value-added chemical products such as gluconic acid (GO) and glucaric acid (GA). Moreover, the electrocatalytic oxidation of glucose shows advantages compared to the classical synthesis route, such as the use of non-toxic reactants and milder conditions, making the process greener and more sustainable. In this work, electrocatalysts based on open-cell Ni metal foams were investigated for the glucose electrooxidation. They were used as supplied, oxidized at 500°C and 600°C, and after electrodeposition of Ni(OH)2. The electrocatalysts were characterized by cyclic voltammetry in NaOH solution 0.1M and in a basic D-glucose solution with different glucose concentrations (10mM and 50mM). The effect of the potential applied, the glucose concentration and the reaction time on conversion, selectivity and faradic efficiency were also investigated. 3D Ni electrocatalyst showed promising activity in the conversion of glucose towards gluconic acid, the sample calcined at 500°C showing the best results.

Theoretical and experimental studies of gold catalysts for glucose oxidation

The glucaric acid (GLA) has been identified as a “top value-added chemical from biomass” that can be employed for many uses; for instance, it could be a precursor of adipic acid, a monomer of Nylon-6,6. GLA can be synthetized by the oxidation of glucose (GLU), passing through the intermediate gluconic acid (GLO). In recent years, a new process has been sought to obtain GLA in an economic and environmental sustainable way, in order to replace the current use of HNO3 as a stoichiometric oxidant, or electrocatalysis and biochemical synthesis, which show several disadvantages. Thereby, this work is focused on the study of catalysts based on gold nanoparticles supported on activated carbon for the oxidation reaction of GLU to GLA using O2 as an oxidant agent and NaOH as base. The sol-immobilization method leads us to obtain small and well dispersed nanoparticles, characterized by UV-Vis, XRD and TEM techniques. Repeating the reaction on different batches of catalyst, both the synthesis and the reaction were confirmed to be reproducible. The effect of the reaction time feeding GLO as reagent was studied: the results show that the conversion of GLO increases as the reaction time increases; however, the yields of GLA and others increase up to 1 hour, and then they remain constant. In order to obtain information on the catalytic mechanism at the atomistic level, a computational study based on density functional theory and atomistic modeling of the gold nano-catalyst were performed. Highly symmetric (icosahedral and cubo-octahedral) and distorted Au55 nanoparticles have been optimized along with Au(111) and Au(100) surfaces. Distorted structures were found to be more stable than symmetrical ones due to relativistic effects. On these various models the adsorptions of various species involved in the catalysis have been studied, including OH- species, GLU and GLO. The study carried out aims to provide a method for approaching to the study of nanoparticellary catalytic systems.