Multicentre study for a robust protocol in single-voxel spectroscopy: quantification of MRS signals by time-domain fitting algorithms

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS) is an advanced clinical and research application which guarantees a specific biochemical and metabolic characterization of tissues by the detection and quantification of key metabolites for diagnosis and disease staging. The "Associazione Italiana di Fisica Medica (AIFM)" has promoted the activity of the "Interconfronto di spettroscopia in RM" working group. The purpose of the study is to compare and analyze results obtained by perfoming MRS on scanners of different manufacturing in order to compile a robust protocol for spectroscopic examinations in clinical routines. This thesis takes part into this project by using the GE Signa HDxt 1.5 T at the Pavillion no. 11 of the S.Orsola-Malpighi hospital in Bologna. The spectral analyses have been performed with the jMRUI package, which includes a wide range of preprocessing and quantification algorithms for signal analysis in the time domain. After the quality assurance on the scanner with standard and innovative methods, both spectra with and without suppression of the water peak have been acquired on the GE test phantom. The comparison of the ratios of the metabolite amplitudes over Creatine computed by the workstation software, which works on the frequencies, and jMRUI shows good agreement, suggesting that quantifications in both domains may lead to consistent results. The characterization of an in-house phantom provided by the working group has achieved its goal of assessing the solution content and the metabolite concentrations with good accuracy. The goodness of the experimental procedure and data analysis has been demonstrated by the correct estimation of the T2 of water, the observed biexponential relaxation curve of Creatine and the correct TE value at which the modulation by J coupling causes the Lactate doublet to be inverted in the spectrum. The work of this thesis has demonstrated that it is possible to perform measurements and establish protocols for data analysis, based on the physical principles of NMR, which are able to provide robust values for the spectral parameters of clinical use.

Long-period oscillations in GPS Up time series. Study over the European/Mediterranean area

The surface of the Earth is subjected to vertical deformations caused by geophysical and geological processes which can be monitored by Global Positioning System (GPS) observations. The purpose of this work is to investigate GPS height time series to identify interannual signals affecting the Earth’s surface over the European and Mediterranean area, during the period 2001-2019. Thirty-six homogeneously distributed GPS stations were selected from the online dataset made available by the Nevada Geodetic Laboratory (NGL) on the basis of the length and quality of the data series. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is the technique applied to extract the main patterns of the space and time variability of the GPS Up coordinate. The time series were studied by means of a frequency analysis using a periodogram and the real-valued Morlet wavelet. The periodogram is used to identify the dominant frequencies and the spectral density of the investigated signals; the second one is applied to identify the signals in the time domain and the relevant periodicities. This study has identified, over European and Mediterranean area, the presence of interannual non-linear signals with a period of 2-to-4 years, possibly related to atmospheric and hydrological loading displacements and to climate phenomena, such as El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). A clear signal with a period of about six years is present in the vertical component of the GPS time series, likely explainable by the gravitational coupling between the Earth’s mantle and the inner core. Moreover, signals with a period in the order of 8-9 years, might be explained by mantle-inner core gravity coupling and the cycle of the lunar perigee, and a signal of 18.6 years, likely associated to lunar nodal cycle, were identified through the wavelet spectrum. However, these last two signals need further confirmation because the present length of the GPS time series is still too short when compared to the periods involved.

Innovative layout design and radiated harmonic analysis for advanced frequency-diverse array solutions

Wireless power transfer is becoming a crucial and demanding task in the IoT world. Despite the already known solutions exploiting a near-field powering approach, far-field WPT is definitely more challenging, and commercial applications are not available yet. This thesis proposes the recent frequency-diverse array technology as a potential candidate for realizing smart and reconfigurable far-field WPT solutions. In the first section of this work, an analysis on some FDA systems is performed, identifying the planar array with circular geometry as the most promising layout in terms of radiation properties. Then, a novel energy aware solution to handle the critical time variability of the FDA beam pattern is proposed. It consists on a time-control strategy through a triangular pulse, and it allows to achieve ad-hoc and real time WPT. Moreover, an essential frequency domain analysis of the radiating behaviour of a pulsed FDA system is presented. This study highlights the benefits of exploiting the intrinsic pulse harmonics for powering purposes, thus minimising the power loss. Later, the electromagnetic design of a radial FDA architecture is addressed. In this context, an exhaustive investigation on miniaturization techniques is carried out; the use of multiple shorting pins together with a meandered feeding network has been selected as a powerful solution to halve the original prototype dimension. Finally, accurate simulations of the designed radial FDA system are performed, and the obtained results are given.

Indagine delle proprietà statistiche di serie temporali di posizione applicata al caso della stazione permanente GPS della base Mario Zucchelli in Terra Vittoria (Antartide)

Da ormai sette anni la stazione permanente GPS di Baia Terranova acquisisce dati giornalieri che opportunamente elaborati consentono di contribuire alla comprensione della dinamica antartica e a verificare se modelli globali di natura geofisica siano aderenti all’area di interesse della stazione GPS permanente. Da ricerche bibliografiche condotte si è dedotto che una serie GPS presenta molteplici possibili perturbazioni principalmente dovute a errori nella modellizzazione di alcuni dati ancillari necessari al processamento. Non solo, da alcune analisi svolte, è emerso come tali serie temporali ricavate da rilievi geodetici, siano afflitte da differenti tipologie di rumore che possono alterare, se non opportunamente considerate, i parametri di interesse per le interpretazioni geofisiche del dato. Il lavoro di tesi consiste nel comprendere in che misura tali errori, possano incidere sui parametri dinamici che caratterizzano il moto della stazione permanente, facendo particolare riferimento alla velocità del punto sul quale la stazione è installata e sugli eventuali segnali periodici che possono essere individuati.

Pushover analysis of an existing reinforced concrete bridge:Jamboree Road Overcrossing in Irvine, California

The work for the present thesis started in California, during my semester as an exchange student overseas. California is known worldwide for its seismicity and its effort in the earthquake engineering research field. For this reason, I immediately found interesting the Structural Dynamics Professor, Maria Q. Feng's proposal, to work on a pushover analysis of the existing Jamboree Road Overcrossing bridge. Concrete is a popular building material in California, and for the most part, it serves its functions well. However, concrete is inherently brittle and performs poorly during earthquakes if not reinforced properly. The San Fernando Earthquake of 1971 dramatically demonstrated this characteristic. Shortly thereafter, code writers revised the design provisions for new concrete buildings so to provide adequate ductility to resist strong ground shaking. There remain, nonetheless, millions of square feet of non-ductile concrete buildings in California. The purpose of this work is to perform a Pushover Analysis and compare the results with those of a Nonlinear Time-History Analysis of an existing bridge, located in Southern California. The analyses have been executed through the software OpenSees, the Open System for Earthquake Engineering Simulation. The bridge Jamboree Road Overcrossing is classified as a Standard Ordinary Bridge. In fact, the JRO is a typical three-span continuous cast-in-place prestressed post-tension box-girder. The total length of the bridge is 366 ft., and the height of the two bents are respectively 26,41 ft. and 28,41 ft.. Both the Pushover Analysis and the Nonlinear Time-History Analysis require the use of a model that takes into account for the nonlinearities of the system. In fact, in order to execute nonlinear analyses of highway bridges it is essential to incorporate an accurate model of the material behavior. It has been observed that, after the occurrence of destructive earthquakes, one of the most damaged elements on highway bridges is a column. To evaluate the performance of bridge columns during seismic events an adequate model of the column must be incorporated. Part of the work of the present thesis is, in fact, dedicated to the modeling of bents. Different types of nonlinear element have been studied and modeled, with emphasis on the plasticity zone length determination and location. Furthermore, different models for concrete and steel materials have been considered, and the selection of the parameters that define the constitutive laws of the different materials have been accurate. The work is structured into four chapters, to follow a brief overview of the content. The first chapter introduces the concepts related to capacity design, as the actual philosophy of seismic design. Furthermore, nonlinear analyses both static, pushover, and dynamic, time-history, are presented. The final paragraph concludes with a short description on how to determine the seismic demand at a specific site, according to the latest design criteria in California. The second chapter deals with the formulation of force-based finite elements and the issues regarding the objectivity of the response in nonlinear field. Both concentrated and distributed plasticity elements are discussed into detail. The third chapter presents the existing structure, the software used OpenSees, and the modeling assumptions and issues. The creation of the nonlinear model represents a central part in this work. Nonlinear material constitutive laws, for concrete and reinforcing steel, are discussed into detail; as well as the different scenarios employed in the columns modeling. Finally, the results of the pushover analysis are presented in chapter four. Capacity curves are examined for the different model scenarios used, and failure modes of concrete and steel are discussed. Capacity curve is converted into capacity spectrum and intersected with the design spectrum. In the last paragraph, the results of nonlinear time-history analyses are compared to those of pushover analysis.

The analysis of the collapse of a precast r.c. industrial building during the 29th may 2012 emilia romagna earthquake

Analysis of the collapse of a precast r.c. industrial building during the 2012 Emilia earthquake, focus on the failure mechanisms in particular on the flexure-shear interactions. Analysis performed by a time history analysis using a FEM model with the software SAP2000. Finally a reconstruction of the collapse on the basis of the numerical data coming from the strength capacity of the elements failed, using formulation for lightly reinforced columns with high shear and bending moment.

Dielectric relaxation in biological materials

The study of dielectric properties concerns storage and dissipation of electric and magnetic energy in materials. Dielectrics are important in order to explain various phenomena in Solid-State Physics and in Physics of Biological Materials. Indeed, during the last two centuries, many scientists have tried to explain and model the dielectric relaxation. Starting from the Kohlrausch model and passing through the ideal Debye one, they arrived at more com- plex models that try to explain the experimentally observed distributions of relaxation times, including the classical (Cole-Cole, Davidson-Cole and Havriliak-Negami) and the more recent ones (Hilfer, Jonscher, Weron, etc.). The purpose of this thesis is to discuss a variety of models carrying out the analysis both in the frequency and in the time domain. Particular attention is devoted to the three classical models, that are studied using a transcendental function known as Mittag-Leffler function. We highlight that one of the most important properties of this function, its complete monotonicity, is an essential property for the physical acceptability and realizability of the models. Lo studio delle proprietà dielettriche riguarda l’immagazzinamento e la dissipazione di energia elettrica e magnetica nei materiali. I dielettrici sono importanti al fine di spiegare vari fenomeni nell’ambito della Fisica dello Stato Solido e della Fisica dei Materiali Biologici. Infatti, durante i due secoli passati, molti scienziati hanno tentato di spiegare e modellizzare il rilassamento dielettrico. A partire dal modello di Kohlrausch e passando attraverso quello ideale di Debye, sono giunti a modelli più complessi che tentano di spiegare la distribuzione osservata sperimentalmente di tempi di rilassamento, tra i quali modelli abbiamo quelli classici (Cole-Cole, Davidson-Cole e Havriliak-Negami) e quelli più recenti (Hilfer, Jonscher, Weron, etc.). L’obiettivo di questa tesi è discutere vari modelli, conducendo l’analisi sia nel dominio delle frequenze sia in quello dei tempi. Particolare attenzione è rivolta ai tre modelli classici, i quali sono studiati utilizzando una funzione trascendente nota come funzione di Mittag-Leffler. Evidenziamo come una delle più importanti proprietà di questa funzione, la sua completa monotonia, è una proprietà essenziale per l’accettabilità fisica e la realizzabilità dei modelli.

Set up of a procedure for correlation analysis between current discharge and dose delivery in a pulsed power plasma device for medical application

This thesis work aims to find a procedure for isolating specific features of the current signal from a plasma focus for medical applications. The structure of the current signal inside a plasma focus is exclusive of this class of machines and a specific analysis procedure has to be developed. The hope is to find one or more features that shows a correlation with the dose erogated. The study of the correlation between the current discharge signal and the dose delivered by a plasma focus could be of some importance not only for the practical application of dose prediction but also for expanding the knowledge anbout the plasma focus physics. Vatious classes of time-frequency analysis tecniques are implemented in order to solve the problem.

Pattern recognition methods for EMG prosthetic control

In this work we focus on pattern recognition methods related to EMG upper-limb prosthetic control. After giving a detailed review of the most widely used classification methods, we propose a new classification approach. It comes as a result of comparison in the Fourier analysis between able-bodied and trans-radial amputee subjects. We thus suggest a different classification method which considers each surface electrodes contribute separately, together with five time domain features, obtaining an average classification accuracy equals to 75% on a sample of trans-radial amputees. We propose an automatic feature selection procedure as a minimization problem in order to improve the method and its robustness.

Evaluation of Th and U contamination in the CUORE experiment using a delayed coincidence analysis

The discovery of the neutrino mass is a direct evidence of new physics. Several questions arise from this observation, regarding the mechanism originating the neutrino masses and their hierarchy, the violation of lepton number conservation and the generation of the baryon asymmetry. These questions can be addressed by the experimental search for neutrinoless double beta (0\nu\beta\beta) decay, a nuclear decay consisting of two simultaneous beta emissions without the emission of two antineutrinos. 0\nu\beta\beta decay is possible only if neutrinos are identical to antineutrinos, namely if they are Majorana particles. Several experiments are searching for 0\nu\beta\beta decay. Among these, CUORE is employing 130Te embedded in TeO_2 bolometric crystals. It needs to have an accurate understanding of the background contribution in the energy region around the Q-value of 130Te. One of the main contributions is given by particles from the decay chains of contaminating nuclei (232Th, 235-238U) present in the active crystals or in the support structure. This thesis uses the 1 ton yr CUORE data to study these contamination by looking for events belonging to sub-chains of the Th and U decay chains and reconstructing their energy and time difference distributions in a delayed coincidence analysis. These results in combination with studies on the simulated data are then used to evaluate the contaminations. This is the first time this analysis is applied to the CUORE data and this thesis highlights the feasibility of it while providing a starting point for further studies. A part of the obtained results agrees with ones from previous analysis, demonstrating that delayed coincidence searches might improve the understanding of the CUORE experiment background. This kind of delayed coincidence analysis can also be reused in the future once the, CUORE upgrade, CUPID data will be ready to be analyzed, with the aim of improving the sensitivity to the 0\nu\beta\beta decay of 100Mo.