Modelling and Verification of a Correction Factor to Evaluate the Efficiency of Solar Thermal Collectors with the Rapid Test Method

A new method for the evaluation of the efficiency of parabolic trough collectors, called Rapid Test Method, is investigated at the Solar Institut Jülich. The basic concept is to carry out measurements under stagnation conditions. This allows a fast and inexpensive process due to the fact that no working fluid is required. With this approach, the temperature reached by the inner wall of the receiver is assumed to be the stagnation temperature and hence the average temperature inside the collector. This leads to a systematic error which can be rectified through the introduction of a correction factor. A model of the collector is simulated with COMSOL Multipyisics to study the size of the correction factor depending on collector geometry and working conditions. The resulting values are compared with experimental data obtained at a test rig at the Solar Institut Jülich. These results do not match with the simulated ones. Consequentially, it was not pos-sible to verify the model. The reliability of both the model with COMSOL Multiphysics and of the measurements are analysed. The influence of the correction factor on the rapid test method is also studied, as well as the possibility of neglecting it by measuring the receiver’s inner wall temperature where it receives the least amount of solar rays. The last two chapters analyse the specific heat capacity as a function of pressure and tem-perature and present some considerations about the uncertainties on the efficiency curve obtained with the Rapid Test Method.

Influence of particle size, density and concentration on bend erosive wear in pneumatic conveyors

Particle concentration is a principal factor that affects erosion rate of solid surfaces under particle impact, such as pipe bends in pneumatic conveyors; it is well known that a reduction in the specific erosion rate occurs under high particle concentrations, a phenomenon referred to as the “shielding effect”. The cause of shielding is believed to be increased likelihood of inter-particulate collisions, the high collision probability between incoming and rebounding particles reducing the frequency and the severity of particle impacts on the target surface. In this study, the effects of particle concentration on erosion of a mild steel bend surface have been investigated in detail using three different particulate materials on an industrial scale pneumatic conveying test rig. The materials were studied so that two had the same particle density but very different particle size, whereas two had very similar particle size but very different particle density. Experimental results confirm the shielding effect due to high particle concentration and show that the particle density has a far more significant influence than the particle size, on the magnitude of the shielding effect. A new method of correcting for change in erosivity of the particles in repeated handling, to take this factor out of the data, has been established, and appears to be successful. Moreover, a novel empirical model of the shielding effects has been used, in term of erosion resistance which appears to decrease linearly when the particle concentration decreases. With the model it is possible to find the specific erosion rate when the particle concentration tends to zero, and conversely predict how the specific erosion rate changes at finite values of particle concentration; this is critical to enable component life to be predicted from erosion tester results, as the variation of the shielding effect with concentration is different in these two scenarios. In addition a previously unreported phenomenon has been recorded, of a particulate material whose erosivity has steadily increased during repeated impacts.

Valutazione sperimentale del campo aerodinamico prodotto da rasaerba industriali: un'indagine parametrica

L’azienda GGP, leader europeo nella produzione di rasaerba e prodotti per il giardinaggio, ha avviato, in collaborazione con il Laboratorio di aerodinamica sperimentale della Facoltà di ingegneria dell’Università di Bologna, uno studio atto alla valutazione delle prestazioni dei rasaerba commercializzati, al fine di comprendere quali siano le vie percorribili per ottenere un miglioramento delle prestazioni associate. Attualmente il metodo utilizzato per compiere tali valutazioni consiste nel far percorrere al rasaerba un percorso di lunghezza prestabilita e valutare il peso dell’erba raccolta nel sacco. Tale approccio presenta delle forti limitazioni in quanto le prove non sono per loro natura ripetibili. Si pensi ad esempio alla non uniformità del terreno e all’altezza dell’erba. È pertanto necessario un approccio in grado di definire con maggior precisione e ripetibilità le prestazioni dei macchinari rasaerba. Tra le diverse prestazioni c’è la capacità della macchina di trattare una portata di aria più elevata possibile garantendo un’elevata aspirazione dell’erba tagliata. Da questo punto vista la geometria della lama riveste un’importanza particolare. Per valutare le prestazioni della singola lama, è stato realizzato un “test-rig lame”, uno strumento con cui è possibile trattare il flusso per renderlo misurabile e valutare la portata d’aria attraverso semplici misure di pressione. Una volta costruito il “test-rig”, sono stati individuati i parametri geometrici delle lame che influenzano la portata, quali apertura, corda e calettamento del flap della lama. Lo studio svolto si limita a valutare gli effetti causati dalla sola geometria della lama prescindendo dalla forma della voluta, in quanto la sua interazione con la lama risulta di grande complessità. Si è quindi avviata una campagna di test sperimentali effettuati su lame caratterizzate da diversi valori dei parametri, che l’azienda stessa ha prodotto e fornito al laboratorio, al fine di trovare relazioni funzionali tra la portata elaborata e la geometria delle lame.

Experimental characterization and modelling of a servo-pneumatic system for a knee loading apparatus

The new knee test rig developed in University of Bologna used pneumatic cylinder as actuator system. Specific characterization and modelling about the pneumatic cylinder and the related devices are needed in better controlling the test rig. In this thesis, an experimental environment for the related device is set up with data acquisition system using Real-time Windows Target, Simulink, MatLab. Based on the experimental data, a fitted model for the pneumatic cylinder friction is found.