Atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes (Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb): laboratory tests (accelerated ageing in wet & dry conditions)and field studies (the Bottego monument in Parma, Italy).

The interactions between outdoor bronzes and the environment, which lead to bronze corrosion, require a better understanding in order to design effective conservation strategies in the Cultural Heritage field. In the present work, investigations on real patinas of the outdoor monument to Vittorio Bottego (Parma, Italy) and laboratory studies on accelerated corrosion testing of inhibited (by silane-based films, with and without ceria nanoparticles) and non-inhibited quaternary bronzes are reported and discussed. In particular, a wet&dry ageing method was used both for testing the efficiency of the inhibitor and for patinating bronze coupons before applying the inhibitor. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques has been used, for characterizing the core metal (SEM+EDS, XRF, AAS), the corroded surfaces (SEM+EDS, portable XRF, micro-Raman, ATR-IR, Py-GC-MS) and the ageing solutions (AAS). The main conclusions were: 1. The investigations on the Bottego monument confirmed the differentiation of the corrosion products as a function of the exposure geometry, already observed in previous works, further highlighting the need to take into account the different surface features when selecting conservation procedures such as the application of inhibitors (i.e. the relative Sn enrichment in unsheltered areas requires inhibitors which effectively interact not only with Cu but also with Sn). 2. The ageing (pre-patination) cycle on coupons was able to reproduce the relative Sn enrichment that actually happens in real patinated surfaces, making the bronze specimens representative of the real support for bronze inhibitors. 3. The non-toxic silane-based inhibitors display a good protective efficiency towards pre-patinated surfaces, differently from other widely used inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) and its derivatives. 4. The 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (PropS-SH) additivated with CeO2 nanoparticles generally offered a better corrosion protection than PropS-SH.

Urban water demand model: the case study of Emilia Romagna (Italy)

Water is the driving force in nature. We use water for washing cars, doing laundry, cooking, taking a shower, but also to generate energy and electricity. Therefore water is a necessary product in our daily lives (USGS. Howard Perlman, 2013). The model that we created is based on the urban water demand computer model from the Pacific Institute (California). With this model we will forecast the future urban water use of Emilia Romagna up to the year of 2030. We will analyze the urban water demand in Emilia Romagna that includes the 9 provinces: Bologna, Ferrara, Forli-Cesena, Modena, Parma, Piacenza, Ravenna, Reggio Emilia and Rimini. The term urban water refers to the water used in cities and suburbs and in homes in the rural areas. This will include the residential, commercial, institutional and the industrial use. In this research, we will cover the water saving technologies that can help to save water for daily use. We will project what influence these technologies have to the urban water demand, and what it can mean for future urban water demands. The ongoing climate change can reduce the snowpack, and extreme floods or droughts in Italy. The changing climate and development patterns are expected to have a significant impact on water demand in the future. We will do this by conducting different scenario analyses, by combining different population projections, climate influence and water saving technologies. In addition, we will also conduct a sensitivity analyses. The several analyses will show us how future urban water demand is likely respond to changes in water conservation technologies, population, climate, water price and consumption. I hope the research can contribute to the insight of the reader’s thoughts and opinion.

L'ethos del marchio "Barilla" nella comunicazione pubblicitaria francese: Un modello di valorizzazione del made in Italy.

L’elaborato propone un’analisi dettagliata della configurazione del discorso pubblicitario, inteso come il risultato di una duplice operazione: quella di produzione del messaggio, a opera del pubblicitario, utente di precise strategie discorsive, e quella di interpretazione, da parte del destinatario che completa il significato dell’enunciato attribuendogli le proprie peculiari connotazioni. Il corpus utilizzato consiste in una raccolta di spot pubblicitari prodotti dall’azienda Barilla per i telespettatori francofoni, ed è stato reperito presso l’Archivio Storico di Barilla nella sede di Parma. L’illustrazione e la descrizione di alcune pubblicità scelte come modelli forniscono la base per l’approfondimento di alcune problematiche linguistiche e traduttologiche; in particolare, viene posto l’accento sulla nozione di ethos discorsivo, collocabile nell'ambito dell’analisi del discorso, e su quella di stereotipo linguistico, considerato come veicolo culturale e strumento dotato di straordinaria forza assertiva e pertanto prediletto dalla comunicazione pubblicitaria. Tale forma di linguaggio merita di essere analizzata e studiata nella sua ricca complessità, dal momento che è da considerarsi come il più efficace e moderno mezzo di diffusione, incorporazione e assimilazione di valori e comportamenti culturalmente orientati.