A prediction of bone remodeling thanks to a mechanical signal on cells - Predizione del rimodellamento osseo a partire da un segnale meccanico sulle cellule

This text wants to explore the process of bone remodeling. The idea supported is that the signal, the cells acquire and which suggest them to change in their architectural conformation, is the potential difference on the free boundaries surfaces of collagen fibers. These ones represent the bone in the nanoscale. This work has as subject a multiscale model. Lots of studies have been made to try to discover the relationship between a macroscopic external bone load and the cellular scale. The tree first simulations have been a longitudinal, a flexion and a transversal compression force on a full longitudinal fiber 0-0 sample. The results showed first the great difference between a fully longitudinal stress and a flexion stress. Secondly a decrease in the potential difference has been observed in the transversal force configuration, suggesting that such a signal could be taken as the one, who leads the bone remodeling. To also exclude that the obtained results was not to attribute to a piezoelectric collagen effect and not to a mechanical load, different coupling analyses have been developed. Such analyses show this effect is really less important than the one the mechanical load is responsible of. At this point the work had to explore how bone remodeling could develop. The analyses involved different geometry and fibers percentage. Moreover at the beginning the model was to manually implement. The author, after an initial improvement of it, provided to implement a standalone version thanks to integration between Comsol Multiphysic, Matlab and Excel.

Geometrical optimization of a short-stem hip implant for the reduction of proximal stress shielding (ottimizzazione geometrica di uno stelo corto di protesi d?anca per la riduzione della schermatura del carico prossimale)

Nowadays the number of hip joints arthroplasty operations continues to increase because the elderly population is growing. Moreover, the global life expectancy is increasing and people adopt a more active way of life. For this reasons, the demand of implant revision operations is becoming more frequent. The operation procedure includes the surgical removal of the old implant and its substitution with a new one. Every time a new implant is inserted, it generates an alteration in the internal femur strain distribution, jeopardizing the remodeling process with the possibility of bone tissue loss. This is of major concern, particularly in the proximal Gruen zones, which are considered critical for implant stability and longevity. Today, different implant designs exist in the market; however there is not a clear understanding of which are the best implant design parameters to achieve mechanical optimal conditions. The aim of the study is to investigate the stress shielding effect generated by different implant design parameters on proximal femur, evaluating which ranges of those parameters lead to the most physiological conditions.

On the characterization of the mechanical behaviour of bonded steel-CFRP adhesive joints

The use of adhesively bonded carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP) is well established to repair metallic structural elements in the aerospace industry for more than three decades. Despite a few exceptions, this technology has yet not been exploited for the steel construction industry where there is a great need to rehabilitate old metallic bridges. For instance, in Europe more than 30% of the railway bridge stock operated for more than 100 years. These bridges are made of old mild steel or puddle iron that exhibits poor behaviour due to the quality of the material itself and degradation caused by the long-term loading or environmental effects. The modest results for Steel/CFRP joints obtained may be due to the type of adhesive used. In fact, most of the previous studies utilized brittle adhesives specially developed for concrete structures. Recent ductile adhesives that made for the automotive industry for metallic joints should be more appropriate. In this study, an experimental investigation on the behaviour of CFRP/steel adhesively bonded joints is presented. A comparison between brittle adhesives and ductile adhesives is conducted. The results show that the ductile adhesives achieve much higher performance than the brittle ones. The brittle adhesives provide more stiffness to the adhesive joint. In the specimens with the ductile adhesives, the failure pattern started by yielding the steel bars first then the adhesive joint which is promising since it can facilitate the design significantly if the steel yielding can be used as a design criterion. The main disadvantage of ductile adhesives is they are usually more expensive than brittle ones. In order to solve this issue, bi-adhesive joints, in which the joint is mainly made of (low cost) brittle adhesive and ductile adhesive in the stress concentration region, are proposed. The results revealed very high improvement up to the yielding strength of the steel bars and with a balanced stiffness.

Mechanical characterization of 3D bioprinted meniscus

Le lesioni del menisco sono le più comuni nella società di oggi: si verificano per un trauma meccanico o per cambiamenti degenerativi nella composizione dei tessuti. In caso di rottura o danneggiamento si interviene mediante riparazione del menisco, menisectomia parziale o totale, o allotrapianto, ma tali tecniche portano a degenerazione della cartilagine articolare, aumento dello stress sull'articolazione tibiale e infiammazione. Gli impianti di sostituzione presenti in commercio non riescono a ricreare il tessuto naturale del ginocchio o a prevenire malattie degenerative della cartilagine; si cerca quindi di creare un menisco meccanicamente e chimicamente simile a quello nativo. In questo studio è realizzato, tramite stampante 3D, uno scaffold di alginato e nanocellulosa, con condrociti umani al suo interno. Le cellule sono opportunamente coltivate, raggruppate a formare sferoidi di diverse concentrazioni (5000 e 10000 cellule/sferoide) e inserite all'interno di scaffold caratterizzati rispettivamente da 4000 e 2000 sferoidi/ml di inchiostro. Le loro proprietà meccaniche, insieme a quelle del campione costituito dal solo bio-inchiostro, sono caratterizzate mediante nanoindentazione. Un'analisi statistica (0.05% di significatività), ha appurato una differenza nelle proprietà meccaniche dei campioni con diverse concentrazioni di sferoidi, e tra questi e il campione senza sferoidi. Il modulo elastico e la durezza riscontrati (kPa): E=23.97±13.05, H=3.15±1.23 nel controllo negativo, E=35.34±7.28, H=4.37±0.79 nel campione da 2000 sferoidi/ml e E=49.28±9.75, H=5.44±0.87 nel campione da 4000 sferoidi/ml. In conclusione, la formazione di agglomerati di cellule e la loro introduzione all'interno di uno scaffold è possibile ed è un buon metodo per controllare il numero di cellule inserite, in termini di sferoidi. Gli organoidi contribuiscono al modulo elastico e alla durezza del campione, determinando un incremento e una maggiore equità nelle proprietà meccaniche.