Defects in thermosensitive colloidal crystals

Poly-N-Isopropylacrylamide (PNIPAM) colloidal particles form crystal phases that show a thermosensitive behaviour and can be used as atomic model systems. This polymer has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic character and has interesting stimuli-responsive properties in aqueous solution, of which the most important is the temperature response. Above a certain temperature, called Lower Critical Solution Temperature (LCST), the system undergoes a volume phase transition (VPT). Above the LCST, the water is expelled from the polymer network and the swollen state at low temperature transforms into a shrunken state at high temperature. The thermoresponsive behaviour of PNIPAM can be influenced by pH and ionic strength, as well as by the presence of copolymers, such as acrylic acid. In a system formed both by particles of PNIPAM and PNIPAM doped with acrylic acid, one can control the size ratio of the two components by changing the temperature of the mixture, while keeping particle interactions relatively the same. It is therefore possible to obtain thermoresponsive colloidal crystal in which temperature changes induce defects whose formation processes and dynamics can be analysed in an optical microscope at a convenient spatial and temporal scale. The goal of this thesis project was to find the conditions in which such a system could be formed, by using characterization techniques such as Static Light Scattering, Dynamic Light Scattering and Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy. Two PNIPAM-AAc systems were available, and after characterization it was possible to select a suitable one, on the basis of its low polydispersity and the lack of a VPT, regardless of the external conditions (system JPN_7). The synthesis of a PNIPAM system was attempted, with particles of dimensions matching the JPN_7 system and, unlike JPN_7, displaying a VPT, and one suitable candidate for the mixed system was finally found (system CB_5). The best conditions to obtain thermoresponsive crystal were selected, and the formation and healing of defects were investigated with CLSM temperature scans. The obtained results show that the approach is the correct one and that the present report could represent a useful start for future developments in defect analysis and defect dynamics studies.

Tetrafenilciclopentadienon-derivati ed analoghi: sintesi, "self-assembly" e caratterizzazione reologica

Gels are materials that are easier to recognize than to define. For all practical purpose, a material is termed a gel if the whole volume of liquid is completely immobilized as usually tested by the ‘tube inversion’ method. Recently, supramolecular gels obtained from low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) have attracted considerable attention in materials science since they represent a new class of smart materials sensitive to external stimuli, such as temperature, ultrasounds, light, chemical species and so on. Accordingly, during the past years a large variety of potentialities and applications of these soft materials in optoelectronics, as electronic devices, light harvesting systems and sensors, in bio-materials and in drug delivery have been reported. Spontaneous self-assembly of low molecular weight molecules is a powerful tool that allows complex supramolecular nanoscale structures to be built. The weak and non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π–π stacking, coordination, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions are usually considered as the most important features for promoting sol-gel equilibria. However, the occurrence of gelation processes is ruled by further “external” factors, among which the temperature and the nature of the solvents that are employed are of crucial importance. For example, some gelators prefer aromatic or halogenated solvents and in some cases both the gelation temperature and the type of the solvent affect the morphologies of the final aggregation. Functionalized cyclopentadienones are fascinating systems largely employed as building blocks for the synthesis of polyphenylene derivatives. In addition, it is worth noting that structures containing π-extended conjugated chromophores with enhanced absorption properties are of current interest in the field of materials science since they can be used as “organic metals”, as semiconductors, and as emissive or absorbing layers for OLEDs or photovoltaics. The possibility to decorate the framework of such structures prompted us to study the synthesis of new hydroxy propargyl arylcyclopentadienone derivatives. Considering the ability of such systems to give π–π stacking interactions, the introduction on a polyaromatic structure of polar substituents able to generate hydrogen bonding could open the possibility to form gels, although any gelation properties has been never observed for these extensively studied systems. we have synthesized a new class of 3,4-bis (4-(3-hydroxy- propynyl) phenyl) -2, 5-diphenylcyclopentadienone derivatives, one of which (1a) proved to be, for the first time, a powerful organogelator. The experimental results indicated that the hydroxydimethylalkynyl substituents are fundamental to guarantee the gelation properties of the tetraarylcyclopentadienone unit. Combining the results of FT-IR, 1H NMR, UV-vis and fluorescence emission spectra, we believe that H-bonding and π–π interactions are the driving forces played for the gel formation. The importance of soft materials lies on their ability to respond to external stimuli, that can be also of chemical nature. In particular, high attention has been recently devoted to anion responsive properties of gels. Therefore the behaviour of organogels of 1a in toluene, ACN and MeNO2 towards the addition of 1 equivalent of various tetrabutylammonium salts were investigated. The rheological properties of gels in toluene, ACN and MeNO2 with and without the addition of Bu4N+X- salts were measured. In addition a qualitative analysis on cation recognition was performed. Finally the nature of the cyclic core of the gelator was changed in order to verify how the carbonyl group was essential to gel solvents. Until now, 4,5-diarylimidazoles have been synthesized.