Atmospheric corrosion of quaternary bronzes (Cu-Sn-Zn-Pb): laboratory tests (accelerated ageing in wet & dry conditions)and field studies (the Bottego monument in Parma, Italy).

The interactions between outdoor bronzes and the environment, which lead to bronze corrosion, require a better understanding in order to design effective conservation strategies in the Cultural Heritage field. In the present work, investigations on real patinas of the outdoor monument to Vittorio Bottego (Parma, Italy) and laboratory studies on accelerated corrosion testing of inhibited (by silane-based films, with and without ceria nanoparticles) and non-inhibited quaternary bronzes are reported and discussed. In particular, a wet&dry ageing method was used both for testing the efficiency of the inhibitor and for patinating bronze coupons before applying the inhibitor. A wide range of spectroscopic techniques has been used, for characterizing the core metal (SEM+EDS, XRF, AAS), the corroded surfaces (SEM+EDS, portable XRF, micro-Raman, ATR-IR, Py-GC-MS) and the ageing solutions (AAS). The main conclusions were: 1. The investigations on the Bottego monument confirmed the differentiation of the corrosion products as a function of the exposure geometry, already observed in previous works, further highlighting the need to take into account the different surface features when selecting conservation procedures such as the application of inhibitors (i.e. the relative Sn enrichment in unsheltered areas requires inhibitors which effectively interact not only with Cu but also with Sn). 2. The ageing (pre-patination) cycle on coupons was able to reproduce the relative Sn enrichment that actually happens in real patinated surfaces, making the bronze specimens representative of the real support for bronze inhibitors. 3. The non-toxic silane-based inhibitors display a good protective efficiency towards pre-patinated surfaces, differently from other widely used inhibitors such as benzotriazole (BTA) and its derivatives. 4. The 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane (PropS-SH) additivated with CeO2 nanoparticles generally offered a better corrosion protection than PropS-SH.

Mission synthesis of sine-on-random excitations for accelerated vibration qualification testing

In most real-life environments, mechanical or electronic components are subjected to vibrations. Some of these components may have to pass qualification tests to verify that they can withstand the fatigue damage they will encounter during their operational life. In order to conduct a reliable test, the environmental excitations can be taken as a reference to synthesize the test profile: this procedure is referred to as “test tailoring”. Due to cost and feasibility reasons, accelerated qualification tests are usually performed. In this case, the duration of the original excitation which acts on the component for its entire life-cycle, typically hundreds or thousands of hours, is reduced. In particular, the “Mission Synthesis” procedure lets to quantify the induced damage of the environmental vibration through two functions: the Fatigue Damage Spectrum (FDS) quantifies the fatigue damage, while the Maximum Response Spectrum (MRS) quantifies the maximum stress. Then, a new random Power Spectral Density (PSD) can be synthesized, with same amount of induced damage, but a specified duration in order to conduct accelerated tests. In this work, the Mission Synthesis procedure is applied in the case of so-called Sine-on-Random vibrations, i.e. excitations composed of random vibrations superimposed on deterministic contributions, in the form of sine tones typically due to some rotating parts of the system (e.g. helicopters, engine-mounted components, …). In fact, a proper test tailoring should not only preserve the accumulated fatigue damage, but also the “nature” of the excitation (in this case the sinusoidal components superimposed on the random process) in order to obtain reliable results. The classic time-domain approach is taken as a reference for the comparison of different methods for the FDS calculation in presence of Sine-on-Random vibrations. Then, a methodology to compute a Sine-on-Random specification based on a mission FDS is presented.

Space charge and dielectric response measurements to assess insulation aging of low-voltage cables used in nuclear power plants

The current design life of nuclear power plant (NPP) could potentially be extended to 80 years. During this extended plant life, all safety and operationally relevant Instrumentation & Control (I&C) systems are required to meet their designed performance requirements to ensure safe and reliable operation of the NPP, both during normal operation and subsequent to design base events. This in turn requires an adequate and documented qualification and aging management program. It is known that electrical insulation of I&C cables used in safety related circuits can degrade during their life, due to the aging effect of environmental stresses, such as temperature, radiation, vibration, etc., particularly if located in the containment area of the NPP. Thus several condition monitoring techniques are required to assess the state of the insulation. Such techniques can be used to establish a residual lifetime, based on the relationship between condition indicators and ageing stresses, hence, to support a preventive and effective maintenance program. The object of this thesis is to investigate potential electrical aging indicators (diagnostic markers) testing various I&C cable insulations subjected to an accelerated multi-stress (thermal and radiation) aging.

Centrifuge Modeling of Sandy Slopes

Slope failure occurs in many areas throughout the world and it becomes an important problem when it interferes with human activity, in which disasters provoke loss of life and property damage. In this research we investigate the slope failure through the centrifuge modeling, where a reduced-scale model, N times smaller than the full-scale (prototype), is used whereas the acceleration is increased by N times (compared with the gravity acceleration) to preserve the stress and the strain behavior. The aims of this research “Centrifuge modeling of sandy slopes” are in extreme synthesis: 1) test the reliability of the centrifuge modeling as a tool to investigate the behavior of a sandy slope failure; 2) understand how the failure mechanism is affected by changing the slope angle and obtain useful information for the design. In order to achieve this scope we arranged the work as follows: Chapter one: centrifuge modeling of slope failure. In this chapter we provide a general view about the context in which we are working on. Basically we explain what is a slope failure, how it happens and which are the tools available to investigate this phenomenon. Afterwards we introduce the technology used to study this topic, that is the geotechnical centrifuge. Chapter two: testing apparatus. In the first section of this chapter we describe all the procedures and facilities used to perform a test in the centrifuge. Then we explain the characteristics of the soil (Nevada sand), like the dry unit weight, water content, relative density, and its strength parameters (c,φ), which have been calculated in laboratory through the triaxial test. Chapter three: centrifuge tests. In this part of the document are presented all the results from the tests done in centrifuge. When we talk about results we refer to the acceleration at failure for each model tested and its failure surface. In our case study we tested models with the same soil and geometric characteristics but different angles. The angles tested in this research were: 60°, 75° and 90°. Chapter four: slope stability analysis. We introduce the features and the concept of the software: ReSSA (2.0). This software allows us to calculate the theoretical failure surfaces of the prototypes. Then we show in this section the comparisons between the experimental failure surfaces of the prototype, traced in the laboratory, and the one calculated by the software. Chapter five: conclusion. The conclusion of the research presents the results obtained in relation to the two main aims, mentioned above.

Applicazione della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment al Passito di Pantelleria

Il presente studio riguarda l’applicazione della metodologia Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) ad una bottiglia di Passito di Pantelleria, prodotta dall’Azienda vitivinicola “Donnafugata” localizzata nel comune di Marsala in Sicilia. L’obiettivo di tale studio consiste nel quantificare e valutare le prestazioni energetico-ambientali derivanti dall’intero ciclo di vita del processo produttivo, nonché le fasi di produzione che presentano il maggiore impatto. Lo studio è stato ulteriormente approfondito effettuando una comparazione tra la produzione della singola bottiglia di Passito nei diversi anni 2007, 2008 e 2009 con lo scopo di determinare quali tra questi risulta avere il maggiore impatto ambientale. Gli impatti ambientali di un’Azienda vitivinicola risultano avere la loro particolare importanza in quanto la produzione di vino è un processo di natura complessa. Di conseguenza tali impatti possono compromettere le componenti fondamentali del processo produttivo, a partire dalle uve coltivate in vigna fino ad arrivare in cantina, dove avviene la trasformazione dell’uva in mosto e la successiva fase di vinificazione che determina il prodotto finale messo in commercio. Proprio attraverso il fluire delle seguenti fasi di trasformazione, in che misura queste consumano energia e producono emissioni? È importante sottolineare che lo studio del ciclo di vita di un prodotto può essere considerato come un supporto fondamentale allo sviluppo di schemi di etichettatura ambientale attraverso i quali è possibile indirizzare il consumatore finale verso beni più rispettosi dell’ambiente e fornire informazioni chiare e trasparenti sulle prestazioni ambientali del prodotto stesso. Allo stesso tempo tale strumento può essere adoperato dall’azienda per fornire garanzia delle credenziali ambientali del prodotto acquisendo così un vantaggio competitivo rispetto alle aziende concorrenti. Infatti, nell’ambito delle politiche comunitarie di prodotto, una delle applicazioni più significative della valutazione del ciclo di vita si ha nella dichiarazione ambientale di prodotto o EPD (Environmental Product Declaration). L’EPD è uno schema di certificazione volontaria che rappresenta un marchio di qualità ecologica per i prodotti, permettendo di comunicare informazioni oggettive, confrontabili e credibili relative alla prestazione ambientale degli stessi. Per essere convalidabili, le prestazioni ambientali presenti nelle EPD devono rispettare i requisiti stabiliti dal PCR- Product Category Rules, un documento nel quale sono presenti le regole per lo studio di una certa categoria di prodotto. Il presente lavoro può essere suddiviso in cinque step successivi. Il primo prevede la descrizione della metodologia LCA, adottata per la quantificazione dell’impatto ambientale, analizzandone singolarmente le quattro fasi principali che la caratterizzano; il secondo presenta la descrizione dell’Azienda vitivinicola e del Passito di Pantelleria, oggetto della valutazione, mettendo in evidenza anche le particolarità ambientali del territorio Pantesco in cui il prodotto prende vita; il terzo fornisce una descrizione delle caratteristiche principali dello strumento applicativo utilizzato per l’analisi, SimaPro nella versione 7.3; il quarto descrive le diverse attività di lavorazione svolte nel complesso processo di produzione della bottiglia di Passito, focalizzando l’attenzione sui componenti primari dell’oggetto di valutazione ed il quinto riguarda la descrizione dell’analisi LCA applicata alla singola bottiglia di Passito.

Forecasts on the dark energy anisotropic stress for the esa euclid survey

The cosmological constant Λ seems to be a not satisfactory explanation of the late-time accelerated expansion of the Universe, for which a number of experimental evidences exist; therefore, it has become necessary in the last years to consider alternative models of dark energy, meant as cause of the accelerated expansion. In the study of dark energy models, it is important to understand which quantities can be determined starting from observational data, without assuming any hypothesis on the cosmological model; such quantities have been determined in Amendola, Kunz et al., 2012. In the same paper it has been further shown that it is possible to estabilish a relation between the model-independent parameters and the anisotropic stress η, which can be also expressed as a combination of the functions appearing in the most general Lagrangian for the scalar-tensor theories, the Horndeski Lagrangian. In the present thesis, the Fisher matrix formalism is used to perform a forecast on the constraints that will be possible to make on the anisotropic stress η in the future, starting from the estimated uncertainties for the galaxy clustering and weak lensing measurements which will be performed by the European Space Agency Euclid mission, to be launched in 2020. Further, constraints coming from supernovae-Ia observations are considered. The forecast is performed for two cases in which (a) η is considered as depending from redshift only and (b) η is constant and equal to one, as in the ΛCDM model.

Laser shock peening treatment to control and moderate fatigue crack growth in aircraft structure based on residual stress engineering approach

Laser Shock Peening (LSP) is a surface enhancement treatment which induces a significant layer of beneficial compressive residual stresses of up to several mm underneath the surface of metal components in order to improve the detrimental effects of the crack growth behavior rate in it. The aim of this thesis is to predict the crack growth behavior in metallic specimens with one or more stripes which define the compressive residual stress area induced by the Laser Shock Peening treatment. The process was applied as crack retardation stripes perpendicular to the crack propagation direction with the object of slowing down the crack when approaching the peened stripes. The finite element method has been applied to simulate the redistribution of stresses in a cracked model when it is subjected to a tension load and to a compressive residual stress field, and to evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor (SIF) in this condition. Finally, the Afgrow software is used to predict the crack growth behavior of the component following the Laser Shock Peening treatment and to detect the improvement in the fatigue life comparing it to the baseline specimen. An educational internship at the “Research & Technologies Germany – Hamburg” department of AIRBUS helped to achieve knowledge and experience to write this thesis. The main tasks of the thesis are the following: •To up to date Literature Survey related to “Laser Shock Peening in Metallic Structures” •To validate the FE model developed against experimental measurements at coupon level •To develop design of crack growth slowdown in Centered Cracked Tension specimens based on residual stress engineering approach using laser peened strip transversal to the crack path •To evaluate the Stress Intensity Factor values for Centered Cracked Tension specimens after the Laser Shock Peening treatment via Finite Element Analysis •To predict the crack growth behavior in Centered Cracked Tension specimens using as input the SIF values evaluated with the FE simulations •To validate the results by means of experimental tests

Geometrical optimization of a short-stem hip implant for the reduction of proximal stress shielding (ottimizzazione geometrica di uno stelo corto di protesi d?anca per la riduzione della schermatura del carico prossimale)

Nowadays the number of hip joints arthroplasty operations continues to increase because the elderly population is growing. Moreover, the global life expectancy is increasing and people adopt a more active way of life. For this reasons, the demand of implant revision operations is becoming more frequent. The operation procedure includes the surgical removal of the old implant and its substitution with a new one. Every time a new implant is inserted, it generates an alteration in the internal femur strain distribution, jeopardizing the remodeling process with the possibility of bone tissue loss. This is of major concern, particularly in the proximal Gruen zones, which are considered critical for implant stability and longevity. Today, different implant designs exist in the market; however there is not a clear understanding of which are the best implant design parameters to achieve mechanical optimal conditions. The aim of the study is to investigate the stress shielding effect generated by different implant design parameters on proximal femur, evaluating which ranges of those parameters lead to the most physiological conditions.

Sincronia e diacronia degli anglicismi finanziari nella comunicazione istituzionale e nella stampa specializzata: il caso degli stress test

Lo scoppio della crisi finanziaria globale del 2007 ha rappresentato un evento epocale che ha interessato una varietà di ambiti: l’economia, la finanza, il diritto, la sociologia e anche la comunicazione. Molti linguisti e ricercatori del settore terminologico si sono concentrati sulle conseguenze di questo capovolgimento nella comunicazione che ha accolto in misura crescente anglicismi finanziari provenienti dagli Stati Uniti. I documenti istituzionali, ma soprattutto la stampa generalista e finanziaria sono dovuti ricorrere per esigenze denotative agli anglicismi al fine di illustrare le cause di questo evento e proporre delle soluzioni adeguate per attenuarne gli effetti. Dopo la crisi, infatti, le autorità di vigilanza finanziaria europee hanno iniziato a mettere in campo una serie di riforme della regolamentazione finanziaria volte a prevenire la comparsa di nuove crisi sistemiche: lo stress testing costituisce uno degli strumenti che la vigilanza europea ha adottato allo scopo di valutare lo stato di salute dei bilanci degli istituti di credito e per vagliarne la solidità e la resistenza a crisi simili a quella esplosa nel 2007. Il nostro elaborato si propone di osservare in ottica diacronica il trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari del dominio dello stress testing nella comunicazione istituzionale della Banque de France e della Banca d’Italia e nella stampa economico-finanziaria francese e italiana. Per la realizzazione di tale indagine abbiamo adottato un approccio diacronico teso all’osservazione del trattamento dell’anglicismo stress test in un arco temporale che dai primi anni Duemila arriva fino ad oggi. Ai fini dell’indagine abbiamo costruito due corpora comparabili di testi istituzionali tratti dal sito Web della Banque de France e da quello della Banca d’Italia, delimitando la ricerca al dominio dello stress testing. Abbiamo successivamente compilato due corpora comparabili con testi tratti da La Tribune e Milano Finanza per osservare il trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari in un genere testuale differente, benché specializzato. Abbiamo assunto il 2007, anno di inizio della crisi, come spartiacque, suddividendo i corpora in vari subcorpora e selezionando i testi da includervi in base alla data di pubblicazione. L’obiettivo che ci siamo prefissati è quello di osservare se nel dominio dello stress testing abbia avuto luogo un’evoluzione concettuale e se questa sia riscontrabile anche dal trattamento degli anglicismi finanziari, con un focus particolare sull’anglicismo stress test.