Multiple pathogen detection using nanoplasmonic sensing

Opportunistic diseases caused by Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) is an omnipresent global challenge. In order to manage these epidemics, we need to have low cost and easily deployable platforms at the point-of-care in high congestions regions like airports and public transit systems. In this dissertation we present our findings in using Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)-based detection of pathogens and other clinically relevant applications using microfluidic platforms at the point-of-care setting in resource constrained environment. The work presented here adopts the novel technique of LSPR to multiplex a lab-on-a-chip device capable of quantitatively detecting various types of intact viruses and its various subtypes, based on the principle of a change in wavelength occurring when metal nano-particle surface is modified with a specific surface chemistry allowing the binding of a desired pathogen to a specific antibody. We demonstrate the ability to detect and quantify subtype A, B, C, D, E, G and panel HIV with a specificity of down to 100 copies/mL using both whole blood sample and HIV-patient blood sample discarded from clinics. These results were compared against the gold standard Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR). This microfluidic device has a total evaluation time for the assays of about 70 minutes, where 60 minutes is needed for the capture and 10 minutes for data acquisition and processing. This LOC platform eliminates the need for any sample preparation before processing. This platform is highly multiplexable as the same surface chemistry can be adapted to capture and detect several other pathogens like dengue virus, E. coli, M. Tuberculosis, etc.

Molecular organization of n-cyanobiphenyl liquid crystals on a molybdenite surface

The alignement and anchoring of liquid crystals on solid surfaces is a key problem for modern device technology that until now has been treated empirically, but that can now be tackled by atomistic computer simulations. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used in this thesis work to study two films of 7 and 8 n-alkyl-4’cyanobiphenyl (7CB and 8CB) liquid crystals , with a thickness of 15 nm, confined between two (001) surfaces of MoS2 (molybdenite). The isotropic and nematic phases of both liquid crystals were simulated, and the resulting structures characterized structurally. A new force field was designed to model the interactions between the liquid crystal (LC) molecules and the surface of molybdenite, while an accurate force field developed previously was used to model the 7CB and 8CB molecules. The results show that the (001) molybdenite surface induces a planar orientation in both the liquid crystals. For the nematic phase of 8CB, one of the two solid/LC interfaces is composed of a first layer of molecules aligned parallel to the surface, followed by a second layer of molecules aligned perpendicular to the surface (also called, homeotropic). The effect of the surface appears to be local in nature as it is confined to the first 15 Angström of the LC film. Conversely, for the nematic phase of 7CB, a planar ordering is established into the LC film. The LC molecules at the interface with the molybdenite appear to align preferentially their alkyl chains toward the solid substrate. The resulting tilt angle of molecules was found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements available in literature. Despite the fact that the MD simulations spanned a time range of more than 100 ns, the nematic phases of both 7CB and 8CB were found not to be completely formed. In order to confirm the findings presented in this thesis, we propose to extend the current study.

Surface-enhanced vibrational techniques for the detection of synthetic organic colorants

The research project object of this thesis is focused on the development of an advanced analytical system based on the combination of an improved thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate coupled with infrared (FTIR) and Raman microscopies for the detection of synthetic dyes. Indeed, the characterization of organic colorants, which are commonly present in mixtures with other components and in a very limited amount, still represents a challenging task in scientific analyses of cultural heritage materials. The approach provides selective spectral fingerprints for each compound, foreseeing the complementary information obtained by micro ATR-RAIRS-FTIR and SERS-Raman analyses, which can be performed on the same separated spot. In particular, silver iodide (AgI) applied on a gold coated slide is proposed as an efficient stationary phase for the discrimination of complex analyte mixtures, such as dyes present in samples of art-historical interest. The gold-AgI-TLC plate shows high performances related both to the chromatographic separation of analytes and to the spectroscopic detection of components. The use of a mid-IR transparent inorganic salt as the stationary phase avoids interferences of the background absorption in FTIR investigations. Moreover, by ATR microscopy measurements performed on the gold-AgI surface, a considerable enhancement in the intensity of spectra is observed. Complementary information can be obtained by Raman analyses, foreseeing a SERS activity of the AgI substrate. The method has been tested for the characterization of a mixture of three synthetic organic colorants widely used in dyeing processes: Brilliant Green (BG1), Rhodamine B (BV10) and Methylene Blue (BB9).