Studio di flussi granulari secchi riprodotti in laboratorio a media scala: Elaborazione di un modello applicabile a casi naturali.

Questa tesi di laurea si riferisce allo studio cinematico e morfologico di flussi granulari composti di materiale vulcanico naturale tramite la strumentazione sperimentale GRANFLOW-sim presso il Dipartimento di Scienze Geologiche dell’Università Autonoma di San Luis Potosì in Messico. E’ stato adottato un approccio sperimentale finalizzato a riprodurre le condizioni fisico-meccaniche di flussi granulari secchi in piccola scala riconducibili a differenti ambienti deposizionali naturali e artificiali. La strumentazione è composta da una canaletta di alimentazione ad inclinazione fissa di 40° ed un piano di deposizione a inclinazioni variabile da 0° a 20° al fine di simulare diverse condizioni deposizionali. Specifici sensori in posizione fissa sullo strumento hanno consentito di raccogliere dati cinematici del flusso e morfologici del deposito corrispondente, rielaborati in profili di velocità e modelli morfologici digitali per ognuno degli esperimenti effettuati. E’ stata osservata una tripartizione del fronte del flusso granulare caratterizzata da i) clasti balistici isolati, ii) un fronte disperso costituito da clasti saltellanti che precede l’arrivo del iii) fronte compatto del flusso costituito dalla parte principale del materiale trasportato. La normalizzazione dei dati cinematici e morfologici ha reso possibile l’elaborazione di relazioni empiriche per lunghezza e larghezza del deposito e velocità massima del flusso in funzione di variabili condizioni di slope-ratio (rapporto tra l’inclinazione del piano di deposizione e della canaletta) e ΔH (differenza di quota tra l’area sorgente del flusso ed il fronte compatto del deposito). Queste relazioni sono state confrontate con i valori ottenuti da Zanchetta et al. (2004) per i flussi granulari naturali nell’area di Sarno, unico caso di studio reale confrontabile con le condizioni sperimentali adottate in questa tesi. Tale confronto ha mostrato una buona corrispondenza tra dati sperimentali e situazione reale nei casi in cui l’effetto di canalizzazione dei flussi granulari era trascurabile. Ciò evidenzia la possibilità di calibrare la strumentazione GRANFLOW-sim al fine di incorporare la valutazione dell’effetto di canalizzazione, ampliando il raggio di utilizzo delle relazioni empiriche ad un numero maggiore di casi di studio di flussi granulari naturali.

Niobium-based heterogeneous catalysts synthesised in supercritical carbon dioxide for selective olefin epoxidation

In this work, two different protocols for the synthesis of Nb2O5-SiO2 with a sol-gel route in which supercritical carbon dioxide was used as solvent have been developed. The tailored design of the reactor allowed the reactants to come into contact only when supercritical CO2 is present, and the high-throughput experimentation scCO2 unit allowed the screening of synthetic parameters, that led to a Nb2O5 incorporation into the silica matrix of 2.5 wt%. N2-physisorption revealed high surface areas and the presence of meso- and micropores. XRD allowed to demonstrate the amorphous character of these materials. SEM-EDX proved the excellent dispersion of Nb2O5 into the silica matrix. These materials were tested in the epoxidation of cyclooctene with hydrogen peroxide, which is considered an environmentally friendly oxidant. The catalysts were virtually inactive in an organic, polar, aprotic solvent (1,4-dioxane). However, the most active scCO2 Nb2O5-SiO2 catalyst achieved a cyclooctene conversion of 44% with a selectivity of 88% towards the epoxide when tested in ethanol. Catalytic tests on cyclohexene revealed the presence of the epoxide, which is remarkable, considering that this substrate is easily oxidised to the diol. The behaviour in protic and aprotic solvents is compared to that of TS-1.

Bioremediation of PAHs - Limitations and soultions

Introduction 1.1 Occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the environment Worldwide industrial and agricultural developments have released a large number of natural and synthetic hazardous compounds into the environment due to careless waste disposal, illegal waste dumping and accidental spills. As a result, there are numerous sites in the world that require cleanup of soils and groundwater. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are one of the major groups of these contaminants (Da Silva et al., 2003). PAHs constitute a diverse class of organic compounds consisting of two or more aromatic rings with various structural configurations (Prabhu and Phale, 2003). Being a derivative of benzene, PAHs are thermodynamically stable. In addition, these chemicals tend to adhere to particle surfaces, such as soils, because of their low water solubility and strong hydrophobicity, and this results in greater persistence under natural conditions. This persistence coupled with their potential carcinogenicity makes PAHs problematic environmental contaminants (Cerniglia, 1992; Sutherland, 1992). PAHs are widely found in high concentrations at many industrial sites, particularly those associated with petroleum, gas production and wood preserving industries (Wilson and Jones, 1993). 1.2 Remediation technologies Conventional techniques used for the remediation of soil polluted with organic contaminants include excavation of the contaminated soil and disposal to a landfill or capping - containment - of the contaminated areas of a site. These methods have some drawbacks. The first method simply moves the contamination elsewhere and may create significant risks in the excavation, handling and transport of hazardous material. Additionally, it is very difficult and increasingly expensive to find new landfill sites for the final disposal of the material. The cap and containment method is only an interim solution since the contamination remains on site, requiring monitoring and maintenance of the isolation barriers long into the future, with all the associated costs and potential liability. A better approach than these traditional methods is to completely destroy the pollutants, if possible, or transform them into harmless substances. Some technologies that have been used are high-temperature incineration and various types of chemical decomposition (for example, base-catalyzed dechlorination, UV oxidation). However, these methods have significant disadvantages, principally their technological complexity, high cost , and the lack of public acceptance. Bioremediation, on the contrast, is a promising option for the complete removal and destruction of contaminants. 1.3 Bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil & groundwater Bioremediation is the use of living organisms, primarily microorganisms, to degrade or detoxify hazardous wastes into harmless substances such as carbon dioxide, water and cell biomass Most PAHs are biodegradable unter natural conditions (Da Silva et al., 2003; Meysami and Baheri, 2003) and bioremediation for cleanup of PAH wastes has been extensively studied at both laboratory and commercial levels- It has been implemented at a number of contaminated sites, including the cleanup of the Exxon Valdez oil spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska in 1989, the Mega Borg spill off the Texas coast in 1990 and the Burgan Oil Field, Kuwait in 1994 (Purwaningsih, 2002). Different strategies for PAH bioremediation, such as in situ , ex situ or on site bioremediation were developed in recent years. In situ bioremediation is a technique that is applied to soil and groundwater at the site without removing the contaminated soil or groundwater, based on the provision of optimum conditions for microbiological contaminant breakdown.. Ex situ bioremediation of PAHs, on the other hand, is a technique applied to soil and groundwater which has been removed from the site via excavation (soil) or pumping (water). Hazardous contaminants are converted in controlled bioreactors into harmless compounds in an efficient manner. 1.4 Bioavailability of PAH in the subsurface Frequently, PAH contamination in the environment is occurs as contaminants that are sorbed onto soilparticles rather than in phase (NAPL, non aqueous phase liquids). It is known that the biodegradation rate of most PAHs sorbed onto soil is far lower than rates measured in solution cultures of microorganisms with pure solid pollutants (Alexander and Scow, 1989; Hamaker, 1972). It is generally believed that only that fraction of PAHs dissolved in the solution can be metabolized by microorganisms in soil. The amount of contaminant that can be readily taken up and degraded by microorganisms is defined as bioavailability (Bosma et al., 1997; Maier, 2000). Two phenomena have been suggested to cause the low bioavailability of PAHs in soil (Danielsson, 2000). The first one is strong adsorption of the contaminants to the soil constituents which then leads to very slow release rates of contaminants to the aqueous phase. Sorption is often well correlated with soil organic matter content (Means, 1980) and significantly reduces biodegradation (Manilal and Alexander, 1991). The second phenomenon is slow mass transfer of pollutants, such as pore diffusion in the soil aggregates or diffusion in the organic matter in the soil. The complex set of these physical, chemical and biological processes is schematically illustrated in Figure 1. As shown in Figure 1, biodegradation processes are taking place in the soil solution while diffusion processes occur in the narrow pores in and between soil aggregates (Danielsson, 2000). Seemingly contradictory studies can be found in the literature that indicate the rate and final extent of metabolism may be either lower or higher for sorbed PAHs by soil than those for pure PAHs (Van Loosdrecht et al., 1990). These contrasting results demonstrate that the bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed onto soil is far from being well understood. Besides bioavailability, there are several other factors influencing the rate and extent of biodegradation of PAHs in soil including microbial population characteristics, physical and chemical properties of PAHs and environmental factors (temperature, moisture, pH, degree of contamination). Figure 1: Schematic diagram showing possible rate-limiting processes during bioremediation of hydrophobic organic contaminants in a contaminated soil-water system (not to scale) (Danielsson, 2000). 1.5 Increasing the bioavailability of PAH in soil Attempts to improve the biodegradation of PAHs in soil by increasing their bioavailability include the use of surfactants , solvents or solubility enhancers.. However, introduction of synthetic surfactant may result in the addition of one more pollutant. (Wang and Brusseau, 1993).A study conducted by Mulder et al. showed that the introduction of hydropropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (HPCD), a well-known PAH solubility enhancer, significantly increased the solubilization of PAHs although it did not improve the biodegradation rate of PAHs (Mulder et al., 1998), indicating that further research is required in order to develop a feasible and efficient remediation method. Enhancing the extent of PAHs mass transfer from the soil phase to the liquid might prove an efficient and environmentally low-risk alternative way of addressing the problem of slow PAH biodegradation in soil.

Studio approfondito di processi post-polimerizzazione del poli(glicidil metacrilato)

The reactivty of poly(glycidyl methacrylate), obtained by RAFT controlled radical polymerization, has been investigated with a nucelophilic agent, such as morpholine, in various aprotic polar solvents in order to optimize the reaction (time and nucleophile excess). A strong interaction between polymer and solvent, gained by hydrogen bonds, during the process has proved to be essential in order to lower the reaction time and the nucelophilic agent excess. Dissimilar behaviors have been detected by GPC analysis due to the reactivity of the sulfhydryl formed during the RAFT's aminolysis. The various solvents lead to conditions in which different inter and intra-chain associations occur; the result is the formation of dimers, trimers and tetramers (to a less extent) in the first case, and cyclical structures in the second one. The reactivity of the hydroxy group, formed during the ring opening reaction, has been further investigated in order to link isothiocyanate-functionalized fluorescent marker along the polymeric chain.