Calculation of the eigenfunctions of the two-group neutron diffusion equation and application to modal decomposition of BWR instabilities

In this thesis, numerical methods aiming at determining the eigenfunctions, their adjoint and the corresponding eigenvalues of the two-group neutron diffusion equations representing any heterogeneous system are investigated. First, the classical power iteration method is modified so that the calculation of modes higher than the fundamental mode is possible. Thereafter, the Explicitly-Restarted Arnoldi method, belonging to the class of Krylov subspace methods, is touched upon. Although the modified power iteration method is a computationally-expensive algorithm, its main advantage is its robustness, i.e. the method always converges to the desired eigenfunctions without any need from the user to set up any parameter in the algorithm. On the other hand, the Arnoldi method, which requires some parameters to be defined by the user, is a very efficient method for calculating eigenfunctions of large sparse system of equations with a minimum computational effort. These methods are thereafter used for off-line analysis of the stability of Boiling Water Reactors. Since several oscillation modes are usually excited (global and regional oscillations) when unstable conditions are encountered, the characterization of the stability of the reactor using for instance the Decay Ratio as a stability indicator might be difficult if the contribution from each of the modes are not separated from each other. Such a modal decomposition is applied to a stability test performed at the Swedish Ringhals-1 unit in September 2002, after the use of the Arnoldi method for pre-calculating the different eigenmodes of the neutron flux throughout the reactor. The modal decomposition clearly demonstrates the excitation of both the global and regional oscillations. Furthermore, such oscillations are found to be intermittent with a time-varying phase shift between the first and second azimuthal modes.

Query rewriting in information retrieval: automatic context extraction from local user documents to improve query results

The central objective of research in Information Retrieval (IR) is to discover new techniques to retrieve relevant information in order to satisfy an Information Need. The Information Need is satisfied when relevant information can be provided to the user. In IR, relevance is a fundamental concept which has changed over time, from popular to personal, i.e., what was considered relevant before was information for the whole population, but what is considered relevant now is specific information for each user. Hence, there is a need to connect the behavior of the system to the condition of a particular person and his social context; thereby an interdisciplinary sector called Human-Centered Computing was born. For the modern search engine, the information extracted for the individual user is crucial. According to the Personalized Search (PS), two different techniques are necessary to personalize a search: contextualization (interconnected conditions that occur in an activity), and individualization (characteristics that distinguish an individual). This movement of focus to the individual's need undermines the rigid linearity of the classical model overtaken the ``berry picking'' model which explains that the terms change thanks to the informational feedback received from the search activity introducing the concept of evolution of search terms. The development of Information Foraging theory, which observed the correlations between animal foraging and human information foraging, also contributed to this transformation through attempts to optimize the cost-benefit ratio. This thesis arose from the need to satisfy human individuality when searching for information, and it develops a synergistic collaboration between the frontiers of technological innovation and the recent advances in IR. The search method developed exploits what is relevant for the user by changing radically the way in which an Information Need is expressed, because now it is expressed through the generation of the query and its own context. As a matter of fact the method was born under the pretense to improve the quality of search by rewriting the query based on the contexts automatically generated from a local knowledge base. Furthermore, the idea of optimizing each IR system has led to develop it as a middleware of interaction between the user and the IR system. Thereby the system has just two possible actions: rewriting the query, and reordering the result. Equivalent actions to the approach was described from the PS that generally exploits information derived from analysis of user behavior, while the proposed approach exploits knowledge provided by the user. The thesis went further to generate a novel method for an assessment procedure, according to the "Cranfield paradigm", in order to evaluate this type of IR systems. The results achieved are interesting considering both the effectiveness achieved and the innovative approach undertaken together with the several applications inspired using a local knowledge base.

Aggregazione delle query per sistemi pub/sub: il progetto SALES

I sistemi mobili rappresentano una classe di sistemi distribuiti caratterizzata dalla presenza di dispositivi portatili eterogenei quali PDA, laptop e telefoni cellulari che interagiscono tra loro mediante una rete di interconnessione wireless. Una classe di sistemi mobili di particolare interesse è costituita dai sistemi basati sul modello di interazione publish/subscribe. Secondo tale schema, i nodi all'interno di una rete possono assumere due ruoli differenti: i produttori di informazione, chiamati publisher, ed i consumatori di informazione, chiamati subscriber. Tipicamente, l'interazione tra essi è mediata da un gestore di eventi che indirizza correttamente le informazioni ricevute dai publisher verso i subscriber interessati, sulla base degli interessi espressi da questi ultimi tramite sottoscrizioni. Nella progettazione di sistemi mobili, a differenza di quelli tradizionali basati su nodi fissi, bisogna tenere conto di problemi quali la scarsa capacità computazionale dei dispositivi e la limitata larghezza di banda delle reti wireless. All'interno di tale ambito, stanno recentemente assumendo sempre maggiore importanza i sistemi context-aware, ovvero sistemi mobili che sfruttano i dati provenienti dall'ambiente circostante e dai dispositivi stessi per adattare il proprio comportamento e notificare agli utenti la presenza di informazioni potenzialmente utili. Nello studio di questi sistemi, si è notato che i nodi che si trovano nella stessa area geografica generano tipicamente delle sottoscrizioni che presentano tra loro un certo grado di similarità e coperture parziali o totali. Il gruppo di ricerca del DEIS dell’Università di Bologna ha sviluppato un'infrastruttura di supporto per sistemi mobili context-aware, chiamata SALES. Attualmente il sistema progettato non considera le similarità delle sottoscrizioni e quindi non sfrutta opportunamente tale informazione. In questo contesto si rende necessario l'adozione di opportune tecniche di aggregazione delle sottoscrizioni atte ad alleggerire la computazione dei nodi mobili e le comunicazioni tra loro. Il lavoro presentato in questa tesi sarà finalizzato alla ricerca, all'adattamento ed all'implementazione di una tecnica di aggregazione delle sottoscrizioni. Tale tecnica avrà lo scopo di rilevare e sfruttare le similarità delle sottoscrizioni ricevute dal sistema al fine di ridurne il numero; in questo modo, quando un nodo riceverà un dato, il processo di confronto tra l'insieme delle sottoscrizioni memorizzate e il dato ricevuto sarà più leggero, consentendo un risparmio di risorse computazionali. Inoltre, adattando tali tecniche, sarà possibile modulare anche il traffico dati scaturito dalle risposte alle sottoscrizioni. La struttura di questa tesi prevede un primo capitolo sui sistemi context-aware, descrivendone le principali caratteristiche e mettendo in luce le problematiche ad essi associate. Il secondo capitolo illustra il modello di comunicazione Publish/Subscribe, modello di riferimento per i moderni sistemi context-aware e per i sistemi mobili in generale. Il terzo capitolo descrive l'infrastruttura SALES sulla quale si è progettata, implementata e testata la soluzione proposta in questa tesi. Il quarto capitolo presenta le principali tecniche di aggregazione delle sottoscrizioni e spiega come possono essere adattate al contesto di questa tesi. Il quinto capitolo effettua l'analisi dei requisiti per comprendere meglio il comportamento della soluzione; seguono la progettazione e l’implementazione della soluzione su SALES. Infine, il sesto capitolo riporta in dettaglio i risultati ottenuti da alcuni degli esperimenti effettuati e vengono messi a confronto con quelli rilevati dal sistema di partenza.

Extracting evolutionary information from the spectral decomposition of early-type galaxies.

Holding the major share of stellar mass in galaxies and being also old and passively evolving, early-type galaxies (ETGs) are the primary probes in investigating these various evolution scenarios, as well as being useful means to provide insights on cosmological parameters. In this thesis work I focused specifically on ETGs and on their capability in constraining galaxy formation and evolution; in particular, the principal aims were to derive some of the ETGs evolutionary parameters, such as age, metallicity and star formation history (SFH) and to study their age-redshift and mass-age relations. In order to infer galaxy physical parameters, I used the public code STARLIGHT: this program provides a best fit to the observed spectrum from a combination of many theoretical models defined in user-made libraries. the comparison between the output and input light-weighted ages shows a good agreement starting from SNRs of ∼ 10, with a bias of ∼ 2.2% and a dispersion 3%. Furthermore, also metallicities and SFHs are well reproduced. In the second part of the thesis I performed an analysis on real data, starting from Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) spectra. I found that galaxies get older with cosmic time and with increasing mass (for a fixed redshift bin); absolute light-weighted ages, instead, result independent from the fitting parameters or the synthetic models used. Metallicities, instead, are very similar from each other and clearly consistent with the ones derived from the Lick indices. The predicted SFH indicates the presence of a double burst of star formation. Velocity dispersions and extinctiona are also well constrained, following the expected behaviours. As a further step, I also fitted single SDSS spectra (with SNR∼ 20), to verify that stacked spectra gave the same results without introducing any bias: this is an important check, if one wants to apply the method at higher z, where stacked spectra are necessary to increase the SNR. Our upcoming aim is to adopt this approach also on galaxy spectra obtained from higher redshift Surveys, such as BOSS (z ∼ 0.5), zCOSMOS (z 1), K20 (z ∼ 1), GMASS (z ∼ 1.5) and, eventually, Euclid (z 2). Indeed, I am currently carrying on a preliminary study to estabilish the applicability of the method to lower resolution, as well as higher redshift (z 2) spectra, just like the Euclid ones.