Studio ed analisi della sicurezza del protocollo SIP nelle reti Voice over IP

Nell'era di Internet e della digitalizzazione, anche la telefonia ha avuto la possibilità di evolversi, e grazie alle tecnologie Voice-over-IP è stato possibile realizzare servizi di comunicazione avanzata su reti di dati. Anche se la comunicazione vocale è l'aspetto chiave di questi sistemi, le reti VoIP supportano altri tipi di servizi, tra cui video, messaggistica istantanea, condivisione di file, ecc. Il successo di questa nuova tipologia di rete è dovuto ad una migliore flessibilità rispetto ai vecchi sistemi analogici, grazie ad architetture aperte e implementazioni a livello software, e soprattutto ad un minor costo legato alle apparecchiature ed ai collegamenti utilizzati, ed ai nuovi modelli di business e di consumo sempre più orientati allo sfruttamento della connettività a banda larga. Tuttavia, l'implementazione dei sistemi VoIP rappresenta anche un grado di complessità maggiore in termini di architetture di rete, di protocolli, e di implementazione, e con questo ne segue un incremento delle possibili vulnerabilità. Una falla nella sicurezza in questi sistemi può portare a disservizi e violazione della privacy per gli utenti con conseguenti ripercussioni economiche per i relativi gestori. La tesi analizza la sicurezza delle reti VoIP concentrandosi sul protocollo che sta alla base dei servizi multimediali, il protocollo SIP. SIP è un protocollo di livello applicativo realizzato per creare, modificare e terminare delle sessioni multimediali tra due o più utenti. Dopo un'introduzione alle generalità del protocollo, vengono esaminate le classi di vulnerabilità delle reti VoIP e gli attacchi a SIP, e vengono presentate alcune contromisure attuabili. Viene mostrato un esempio di come vengano attuati alcuni dei principali attacchi a SIP tramite l'utilizzo di appositi strumenti. L'eborato conclude con alcune considerazioni sulle minacce al protocollo e sugli obiettivi futuri che la comunità scientifica dovrebbe perseguire.

Selective photo-oxidation of cellobiose with tio2-supported metal nanoparticles

Upgrade of biomass to valuable chemicals is a central topic in modern research due to the high availability and low price of this feedstock. For the difficulties in biomass treatment, different pathways are still under investigation. A promising way is in the photodegradation, because it can lead to greener transformation processes with the use of solar light as a renewable resource. The aim of my work was the research of a photocatalyst for the hydrolysis of cellobiose under visible irradiation. Cellobiose was selected because it is a model molecule for biomass depolymerisation studies. Different titania crystalline structures were studied to find the most active phase. Furthermore, to enhance the absorption of this semiconductor in the visible range, noble metal nanoparticles were immobilized on titania. Gold and silver were chosen because they present a Surface Plasmon Resonance band and they are active metals in several photocatalytic reactions. The immobilized catalysts were synthesized following different methods to optimize the synthetic steps and to achieve better performances. For the same purpose the alloying effect between gold and silver nanoparticles was examined.

Selective photo-oxidation of glucose

Biomass transformation into high-value chemicals has attracted attention according to the “green chemistry” principles. Low price and high availability make biomass one of the most interesting renewable resources as it provides the means to create sustainable alternatives to the oil-derived building blocks of the chemical industry In recent year, the need for alternative environmentally friendly routes to drive chemical reactions has in photocatalytic processes an interesting way to obtain valuable chemicals from various sources using the solar light as energy source. The purpose of this work was to use supported noble metal nanoparticles in the selective photo-oxidation of glucose through using visible light. Glucose was chosen as model molecule because it is the cheapest and the most common monosaccharide. Few studies about glucose photo oxidation have been conducted so far, and reaction mechanism is still not totally explained. The aim of this work was to systematically analyze and assess the impact of several parameters (eg. catalyst/substrate ratio, reaction time, effect of the solvent and light source) on the reaction pathway and to monitor the product distribution in order to draw a general reaction scheme for the photo oxidation of glucose under visible light. This study regards the reaction mechanism and the influence of several parameters, such as solvent, light power and substrate concentration. Furthermore, the work focuses on the influence of gold and silver nanoparticles and on the influence of metal loading. The glucose oxidation was monitored through the mass balance and the products selectivity. Reactions were evaluated in terms of glucose conversion, mass balance and selectivities towards arabinose and gluconic acid. In conclusion, this study is able to demonstrate that the photo oxidation of glucose under visible light is feasible; the full identification of the main products allows, for the first time, a comprehensive reaction mechanism scheme.