Isolated electrical microgrids employing renewable energy resources:analysis of the electrification of remote communities in Peru.

This project points out a brief overview of several concepts, as Renewable Energy Resources, Distributed Energy Resources, Distributed Generation, and describes the general architecture of an electrical microgrid, isolated or connected to the Medium Voltage Network. Moreover, the project focuses on a project carried out by GRECDH Department in collaboration with CITCEA Department, both belonging to Universitat Politécnica de Catalunya: it concerns isolated microgrids employing renewable energy resources in two communities in northern Peru. Several solutions found using optimization software regarding different generation systems (wind and photovoltaic) and different energy demand scenarios are commented and analyzed from an electrical point of view. Furthermore, there are some proposals to improve microgrid performances, in particular to increase voltage values for each load connected to the microgrid. The extra costs required by the proposed solutions are calculated and their effect on the total microgrid cost are taken into account; finally there are some considerations about the impact the project has on population and on people's daily life.

Whole ship energy optimization: the case study of a chemical tanker

La presente dissertazione investiga la possibilità di ottimizzare l’uso di energia a bordo di una nave per trasporto di prodotti chimici e petrolchimici. Il software sviluppato per questo studio può essere adattato a qualsiasi tipo di nave. Tale foglio di calcolo fornisce la metodologia per stimare vantaggi e miglioramenti energetici, con accuratezza direttamente proporzionale ai dati disponibili sulla configurazione del sistema energetico e sui dispositivi installati a bordo. Lo studio si basa su differenti fasi che permettono la semplificazione del lavoro; nell’introduzione sono indicati i dati necessari per svolgere un’accurata analisi ed è presentata la metodologia adottata. Inizialmente è fornita una spiegazione sul layout dell’impianto, sulle sue caratteristiche e sui principali dispositivi installati a bordo. Vengono dunque trattati separatamente i principali carichi, meccanico, elettrico e termico. In seguito si procede con una selezione delle principali fasi operative della nave: è seguito tale approccio in modo da comprendere meglio la ripartizione della richiesta di potenza a bordo della nave e il suo sfruttamento. Successivamente è svolto un controllo sul dimensionamento del sistema elettrico: ciò aiuta a comprendere se la potenza stimata dai progettisti sia assimilabile a quella effettivamente richiesta sulla nave. Si ottengono in seguito curve di carico meccanico, elettrico e termico in funzione del tempo per tutte le fasi operative considerate: tramite l’uso del software Visual Basic Application (VBA) vengono creati i profili di carico che possono essere gestiti nella successiva fase di ottimizzazione. L’ottimizzazione rappresenta il cuore di questo studio; i profili di potenza ottenuti dalla precedente fase sono gestiti in modo da conseguire un sistema che sia in grado di fornire potenza alla nave nel miglior modo possibile da un punto di vista energetico. Il sistema energetico della nave è modellato e ottimizzato mantenendo lo status quo dei dispositivi di bordo, per i quali sono considerate le configurazioni di “Load following”, “two shifts” e “minimal”. Una successiva investigazione riguarda l’installazione a bordo di un sistema di accumulo di energia termica, così da migliorare lo sfruttamento dell’energia disponibile. Infine, nella conclusione, sono messi a confronto i reali consumi della nave con i risultati ottenuti con e senza l’introduzione del sistema di accumulo termico. Attraverso la configurazione “minimal” è possibile risparmiare circa l’1,49% dell’energia totale consumata durante un anno di attività; tale risparmio è completamente gratuito poiché può essere raggiunto seguendo alcune semplici regole nella gestione dell’energia a bordo. L’introduzione di un sistema di accumulo termico incrementa il risparmio totale fino al 4,67% con un serbatoio in grado di accumulare 110000 kWh di energia termica; tuttavia, in questo caso, è necessario sostenere il costo di installazione del serbatoio. Vengono quindi dibattuti aspetti economici e ambientali in modo da spiegare e rendere chiari i vantaggi che si possono ottenere con l’applicazione di questo studio, in termini di denaro e riduzione di emissioni in atmosfera.

Skin repair optimization for the airbus A350XWB cargo door surround

The aim of the thesis is to design and verify a doubler for the Airbus A350XWB cargo door surround. The software used for the design is Catia and the software used for the doubler verification are Patran and Nastran.

Application and optimization of a thermal energy storage on a cruise ship

The thesis, developed in collaboration between the team Systems and Equipment for Energy and Environment of Bologna University and Chalmers University of Technology in Goteborg, aims to study the benefits resulting from the adoption of a thermal storage system for marine application. To that purpose a chruis ship has been considered. To reach the purpose has been used the software EGO (Energy Greed Optimization) developed by University of Bologna.

Economic and Environmental Optimization of Ornamental Stone Block Cutting with a 3D Algorithm

This thesis focuses on finding the optimum block cutting dimensions in terms of the environmental and economic factors by using a 3D algorithm for a limestone quarry in Foggia, Italy. The environmental concerns of quarrying operations are mainly: energy consumption, material waste, and pollution. The main economic concerns are the block recovery, the selling prices, and the production costs. Fractures adversely affect the block recovery ratio. With a fracture model, block production can be optimized. In this research, the waste volume produced by quarrying was minimised to increase the recovery ratio and ensure economic benefits. SlabCutOpt is a software developed at DICAM–University of Bologna for block cutting optimization which tests different cutting angles on the x-y-z planes to offer up alternative cutting methods. The program tests several block sizes and outputs the optimal result for each entry. By using SlabCutOpt, ten different block dimensions were analysed, the results indicated the maximum number of non-intersecting blocks for each dimension. After analysing the outputs, the block named number 1 with the dimensions ‘1mx1mx1m’ had the highest recovery ratio as 43% and the total Relative Money Value (RMV) with a value of 22829. Dimension number 1, also had the lowest waste volume, with a value of 3953.25 m3, for the total bench. For cutting the total bench volume of 6932.25m3, the diamond wire cutter had the lowest dust emission values for the block with the dimension ‘2mx2mx2m’, with a value of 24m3. When compared with the Eco-Label standards, block dimensions having surface area values lower than 15m2, were found to fit the natural resource waste criteria of the label, as the threshold required 25% of minimum recovery [1]. Due to the relativity of production costs, together with the Eco-Label threshold, the research recommends the selection of the blocks with a surface area value between 6m2 and 14m2.

Tolerance optimization with statistical approach in the CAT environment

Nowadays, product development in all its phases plays a fundamental role in the industrial chain. The need for a company to compete at high levels, the need to be quick in responding to market demands and therefore to be able to engineer the product quickly and with a high level of quality, has led to the need to get involved in new more advanced methods/ processes. In recent years, we are moving away from the concept of 2D-based design and production and approaching the concept of Model Based Definition. By using this approach, increasingly complex systems turn out to be easier to deal with but above all cheaper in obtaining them. Thanks to the Model Based Definition it is possible to share data in a lean and simple way to the entire engineering and production chain of the product. The great advantage of this approach is precisely the uniqueness of the information. In this specific thesis work, this approach has been exploited in the context of tolerances with the aid of CAD / CAT software. Tolerance analysis or dimensional variation analysis is a way to understand how sources of variation in part size and assembly constraints propagate between parts and assemblies and how that range affects the ability of a project to meet its requirements. It is critically important to note how tolerance directly affects the cost and performance of products. Worst Case Analysis (WCA) and Statistical analysis (RSS) are the two principal methods in DVA. The thesis aims to show the advantages of using statistical dimensional analysis by creating and examining various case studies, using PTC CREO software for CAD modeling and CETOL 6σ for tolerance analysis. Moreover, it will be provided a comparison between manual and 3D analysis, focusing the attention to the information lost in the 1D case. The results obtained allow us to highlight the need to use this approach from the early stages of the product design cycle.

Axis control optimization: autotuning techniques and frequency response analysis of industrial mechatronic systems

In the field of industrial automation, there is an increasing need to use optimal control systems that have low tracking errors and low power and energy consumption. The motors we are dealing with are mainly Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSMs), controlled by 3 different types of controllers: a position controller, a speed controller, and a current controller. In this thesis, therefore, we are going to act on the gains of the first two controllers by going to find, through the TwinCAT 3 software, what might be the best set of parameters. To do this, starting with the default parameters recommended by TwinCAT, two main methods were used and then compared: the method of Ziegler and Nichols, which is a tabular method, and advanced tuning, an auto-tuning software method of TwinCAT. Therefore, in order to analyse which set of parameters was the best,several experiments were performed for each case, using the Motion Control Function Blocks. Moreover, some machines, such as large robotic arms, have vibration problems. To analyse them in detail, it was necessary to use the Bode Plot tool, which, through Bode plots, highlights in which frequencies there are resonance and anti-resonance peaks. This tool also makes it easier to figure out which and where to apply filters to improve control.

Traffic Signal Optimization of Urban Arterial Network by Vehicle-to-Infrastructure

Urbanization has occasionally been linked to negative consequences. Traffic light system in urban arterial networks plays an essential role to the operation of transport systems. The availability of new Intelligent Transportation System innovations paved the way for connecting vehicles and road infrastructure. GLOSA, or the Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory, is a recent integration of vehicle-to-everything (v2x) technology. This thesis emphasized GLOSA system's potential as a tool for addressing traffic signal optimization. GLOSA serves as an advisory to drivers, informing them of the speed they must maintain to reduce waiting time. The considered study area in this thesis is the Via Aurelio Saffi – Via Emilia Ponente corridor in the Metropolitan City of Bologna which has several signalized intersections. Several simulation runs were performed in SUMOPy software on each peak-hour period (morning and afternoon) using recent actual traffic count data. GLOSA devices were placed on a 300m GLOSA distance. Considering the morning peak-hour, GLOSA outperformed the actuated traffic signal control, which is the baseline scenario, in terms of average waiting time, average speed, average fuel consumption per vehicle and average CO2 emissions. A remarkable 97% reduction on both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions were obtained. The average speed of vehicles running through the simulation was increased as well by 7% and a time saved of 25%. Same results were obtained for the afternoon peak hour with a decrease of 98% on both fuel consumption and CO2 emissions, 20% decrease on average waiting time, and an increase of 2% in average speed. In addition to previously mentioned benefits of GLOSA, a 15% and 13% decrease in time loss were obtained during morning and afternoon peak-hour, respectively. Towards the goal of sustainability, GLOSA shows a promising result of significantly lowering fuel consumption and CO2 emissions per vehicle.