Studi preliminari per la realizzazione di una cella a biocombustibile alimentata a NADH e ossigeno

Scopo del presente lavoro di ricerca è lo sviluppo in vitro di un processo elettrochimico che mimi la fosforilazione ossidativa, interfacciato ad una cella a biocombustibile, nell’ottica di sostituire il procedimento artificiale a quello naturale. Ciò permetterebbe di veicolare gli elettroni generati dal metabolismo cellulare su un circuito esterno, sfruttandoli come fonte di energia elettrica. In particolare si è studiato ed ottimizzato il meccanismo di ossidazione del NADH, accoppiato alla reazione di riduzione dell’ossigeno. L’enzima utilizzato per la realizzazione di tale dispositivo è la Diaforasi; questo, ossidando il NADH nel comparto anodico, immette elettroni nel circuito esterno attraverso un mediatore redox, capace di veicolarli fino alla superficie dell’elettrodo. Da qui gli elettroni giungono al compartimento catodico dove riducono l’ossidante disciolto in soluzione.

Gene expression responses to acute and chronic heat stress in the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa

Global climate change is impacting coral reefs worldwide, with approximately 19% of reefs being permanently degraded, 15% showing symptoms of imminent collapse, and 20% at risk of becoming critically affected in the next few decades. This alarming level of reef degradation is mainly due to an increase in frequency and intensity of natural and anthropogenic disturbances. Recent evidence has called into question whether corals have the capacity to acclimatize or adapt to climate changes and some groups of corals showed inherent physiological tolerance to environmental stressors. The aim of the present study was to evaluate mRNA expression patterns underlying differences in thermal tolerance in specimen of the common reef-building coral Pocillopora verrucosa collected at different locations in Bangka Island waters (North Sulawesi, Indonesia). Part of the experimental work was carried out at the CoralEye Reef Research Outpost (Bangka Island). This includes sampling of corals at selected sites and at different depths (3 and 12 m) as well as their experimental exposure to an increased water temperature under controlled conditions for 3 and 7 days. Levels of mRNAs encoding ATP synthase (ATPs) NADH dehydrogenase (NDH) and a 70kDa Heat Shock Protein (HSP70) were evaluated by quantitative real time PCR. Transcriptional profiles evaluated under field conditions suggested an adaptation to peculiar local environmental conditions in corals collected at different sites and at the low depth. Nevertheless, high–depth collected corals showed a less pronounced site-to-site separation suggesting more homogenous environmental conditions. Exposure to an elevated temperature under controlled conditions pointed out that corals adapted to the high depth are more sensitive to the effects of thermal stress, so that reacted to thermal challenge by significantly over-expressing the selected gene products. Being continuously exposed to fluctuating environmental conditions, low-depth adapted corals are more resilient to the stress stimulus, and indeed showed unaffected or down-regulated mRNA expression profiles. Overall these results highlight that transcriptional profiles of selected genes involved in cellular stress response are modulated by natural seasonal temperature changes in P. verrucosa. Moreover, specimens living in more variable habitats (low-depth) exhibit higher basal HSP70 mRNA levels, possibly enhancing physiological tolerance to environmental stressors.